Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 48, Issue 2 , Pages 200-211 , August 2006

Anthrax: A Systematic Review of Atypical Presentations

  • Jon-Erik C. Holty, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
    • Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for correspondence: Jon-Erik C. Holty, MD, MS, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3143, Stanford, CA 94305-5236; 650-723-6381, fax 650-725-5489
  • ,
  • Rebecca Y. Kim, BA

      Affiliations

    • Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
  • ,
  • Dena M. Bravata, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
    • Stanford–University of California San Francisco Evidence-based Practice Center, Stanford, CA

Received 5 May 2005 ,Revised 13 November 2005 ,Accepted 28 November 2005.

References 

  1. Inglesby TV , O’Toole T , Henderson DA , et al.   Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002 (updated recommendations for management) . JAMA . 2002;287:2236–2252
  2. Friedlander AM . Anthrax . In:  Zajtchuk R ,  Bellamy RF editor. Textbook of Military Medicine (Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare) . Vol. 5: Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army; 1997;p. 467–478
  3. Jernigan JA , Stephens DS , Ashford DA , et al.   Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax (the first 10 cases reported in the United States) . Emerg Infect Dis. . 2001;7:933–944
  4. Druett HA , Henderson DW , Packman L , et al.   Studies on respiratory infection, I (the influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores) . J Hyg (Lond) . 1953;51:359–371
  5. Kuehnert MJ , Doyle TJ , Hill HA , et al.   Clinical features that discriminate inhalational anthrax from other acute respiratory illnesses . Clin Infect Dis. . 2003;36:328–336
  6. Hupert N , Bearman GML , Mushlin AI , et al.   Accuracy of screening for inhalational anthrax after a bioterrorist attack . Ann Intern Med. . 2003;139:337–345
  7. Kyriacou DN , Stein AC , Yarnold PR , et al.   Clinical predictors of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax . Lancet . 2004;364:449–452
  8. Sobernheim G . Milzbrand . In:  Kolle W ,  Kraus R ,  Uhlenhuth P editor. Handbuch der Pathogenen Mikroorganismen . Vol. 3 (2: Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1931;p. 1041–1174
  9. Barnes JM . The development of anthrax following the administration of spores by inhalation . Br J Exp Pathol. . 1947;28:385–394
  10. Al-Dulaimy SB , Al-Allaf GA . Anthrax meningitis . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. . 1978;72:315
  11. Croix IC , Pluot M . Un cas de charbon humain a localisation unique cerebromenigee observe dans la region de Reims . Med Mal Infect. . 1975;5:583–585
  12. Pluot M , Vital C , Aubertin J , et al.   Anthrax meningitis (report of two cases with autopsies) . Acta Neuropathol (Berl) . 1976;36:339–345
  13. Mitchell GF . Meningeal anthrax . BMJ . 1921;2:508
  14. Beatty ME , Ashford DA , Griffin PM , et al.   Gastrointestinal anthrax (review of the literature) . AMA Arch Intern Med. . 2003;163:2527–2531
  15. Vaccarezza RF . Charbon primitif du pharynx . Presse Med. . 1939;1642–1644
  16. Carr EA , Rew RR . Recovery of Bacillus anthracis from the nose and throat of apparently healthy workers . J Infect Dis. . 1957;100:169–171
  17. Hail AS , Rossi CA , Ludwig GV , et al.   Comparison of noninvasive sampling sites for early detection of Bacillus anthracis spores from rhesus monkeys after aerosol exposure . Mil Med. . 1999;164:833–837
  18. Vasconcelos D , Barnewall R , Babin M , et al.   Pathology of inhalation anthrax in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) . Lab Invest. . 2003;83:1201–1209
  19. Sirisanthana T , Navacharoen N , Tharavichitkul P , et al.   Outbreak of oral-pharyngeal anthrax (an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis) . Am J Trop Med Hyg. . 1984;33:144–150
  20. Glas E . Milzbrand des kehlkopfes . Munch Med Wochenschr. . 1906;53:496–498
  21. Glas E . Milzbrand [anthrax] . In:  Denker A ,  Kahler O editor. Handbuch der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde . Vol. IV: Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1928;p. 398–406
  22. Bradley PJ , Ferlito A , Brandwein MS , et al.   Anthrax (what should the otolaryngologist know?) . Acta Otolaryngol. . 2002;122:580–585
  23. Lanska DJ . Anthrax meningoencephalitis . Neurology . 2002;59:327–334
  24. Haight TH . Anthrax meningitis (a review of the literature and report of two cases with autopsies) . Am J Med Sci. . 1952;224:57–59
  25. Bronzini A . La decharge du liquide cephalo-rachiedien a travers la muqueuse nasale saine et enflammee. Son role en physiologie, en pathologie et en therapie (en particular dan les arachnoiditis) . In: British Medical Association . Vol. II: London: B.M.A. House, Tavistock Square; 1949;p. 778–788 Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Otolaryngology
  26. Kida S , Pantazis A , Weller RO . CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat (anatomy, histology and immunological significance) . Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. . 1993;19:480–488
  27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Update (Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and adverse events from antimicrobial prophylaxis) . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. . 2001;50:973–976
  28. Fritz DL , Jaax NK , Lawrence WB , et al.   Pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the rhesus monkey . Lab Invest. . 1995;73:691–702
  29. Inda FF , Natin I , Da Rin C . El carbunclo por inhalacion . Sem Med. . 1943;50:754–761
  30. Inda FF , Natin I , Guiliano A . El diagnostico del carbunclo por inhalacion . Sem Med. . 1947;54:38–42
  31. Pasha ZN . Anthrax in the nasal cavity . BMJ . 1921;2:446
  32. Blobmke M . Beitrage zur pathologie und klinik des menschlichen milzbrandes . Dtsch Med Wochenschr. . 1914;40:1860–1862
  33. Parsons JG . Abscess of the nasal septum, probably due to anthrax infection . JAMA . 1908;51:1697
  34. Risel W . Ein beitrag zur pathologie des milzbrandes beim menschen . Z Hyg Infektionskr (Leipzig) . 1903;42:381–418
  35. Sirol J , Delpy J , Guard O . Une epidemie de charbon humain (a propos de 25 cas observes a l’Hopital de Fort Lamy, Tchad) . Presse Med. . 1971;79:1635–1638
  36. Ker WG . Clinical notes . East Afr Med J. . 1944;21:93–96
  37. Albayrak F , Memikoglu O , Kurt O , et al.   A case of anthrax meningitis . Scand J Infect Dis. . 2002;34:627–628
  38. Kanungo R , Kumar A , Bhattacharya S , et al.   Problem of timely diagnosis in anthrax meningitis . J Assoc Physicians India . 2002;50:913–915
  39. Bharathmoorthy  , Chakravarthy I , Swaminathan RP , et al.   Haemorrhagic meningitis due to bacillus anthrax . [letter] J Assoc Physicians India . 1992;40:134–135
  40. Lalitha MK , Anandi V , Walter NM , et al.   Unusual forms of anthrax (a clinical problem) . Salisbury Med Bull. . 1990;68:38–40
  41. Bhat P , Mohan N . Human anthrax as seen in Southern India . Salisbury Med Bull. . 1990;68:12
  42. George S , Mathai D , Balraj V , et al.   An outbreak of anthrax meningoencephalitis . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. . 1994;88:206–207
  43. Kanungo R , Sujatha S , Das AK , et al.   Anthrax meningitis (a clinical enigma) . Indian J Med Microbiol. . 1990;6:149–151
  44. Chandramukhi A , Shankar P , Rao TV , et al.   Acute leptomeningitis due to Bacillus anthracis (a case report) . Trop Geogr Med. . 1983;35:79–82
  45. Marandian MH , Kamali A . Anthrax meningitis (an ostensibly primary case) . Nouv Presse Med. . 1981;10:1747–1748
  46. Bhat P , Pereira P , Mohan N . Primary anthrax meningitis (a case report) . Neurol India . 1983;31:71–73
  47. Rangel RA , Gonzalez DA . Bacillus anthracis meningitis . Neurology . 1975;25:525–530
  48. Drake DJ , Blair AW . Meningitic anthrax . Cent Afr J Med. . 1971;17:97–98
  49. Vita A , Secu A , Cuciureanu G , et al.   Considerations on 3 cases of meningo-encephalitis due to anthrax bacilli . Viata Med. . 1960;7:661–664
  50. Vita A , Secu A , Cuciureanu G , et al.   Considerations on 3 cases of meningo-encephalitis due to anthrax bacilli . Rum Med Rev. . 1961;5:36–39
  51. Bezzi C . Un raro caso di meningite da carbonchio ematico . G Batteriol Immunol. . 1952;6:353–360
  52. Rozenier LA . Internal forms of the malignant anthrax . Klin Med (Mosk) . 1944;20:56–63
  53. Gross H , Plate H . Milzbrandbacillen [meningitis] . Klin Wochenschr. . 1940;19:1036–1037
  54. Urechia CI , Retezeanu A , Muller M . Les complications nerveuses du charbon (encephalo-meningo-myelite) . Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol. . 1940;102:336–352
  55. Sakon H , Accart R . Un cas de meningite charbonneuse suraigue . Maroc Med. . 1938;18:342–344
  56. Slatineanu A , Balteanu I , Franche M . Doua cazuri de meningo-encefalita carbunoasa . Miscarea Med Romana. . 1939;12–18
  57. Aguiah A . Un cas de meningite charbonneuse primitive chez un garcon de onze ans . Arch Med Enfants . 1928;31:676–680
  58. Reece RJ . Anthrax (simulating cerebro-spinal fever) . Lancet . 1917;1:406–410
  59. Czyhlarz E . Beitrag zur lehre von der milzbrandmeningitis . Wien Klin Wochenschr. . 1916;29:768–769
  60. Jones HW . Landry’s paralysis with report of a case . Med Rec. . 1913;84:335–337

 Supervising editor: Jonathan L. Burstein, MDFunding and support: This work was performed under the auspices of the Stanford-University of California San Francisco Evidence-based Practice Center under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (contract number 290-02-0017), Rockville, MD. The authors of this article are responsible for its contents, including any clinical or treatment recommendations. No statement in this article should be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or of the US Department of Health and Human Services. The project also was supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs.Publication dates: Available online February 21, 2006.Reprints not available from the authors.

PII: S0196-0644(05)01975-X

doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.11.035

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 48, Issue 2 , Pages 200-211 , August 2006