« Previous
Next »
Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 2
, Pages 168-180
, February 2000
New diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism
References
- . Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism: results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis. JAMA. 1990;263:2753–2759
- . Comprehensive analysis of the results of the PIOPED Study. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:2380–2387
- Guidelines for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:667–676
- . Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–188
- Use of the alveolar dead space fraction (Vd/Vt) and plasma D -dimers to exclude acute pulmonary embolism in ambulatory patients. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4:856–863
- Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:997–1005
- Pulmonary embolism in outpatients with pleuritic chest pain. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:838–844
- . Preliminary study of the capnogram waveform area to screen for pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;32:289–296
- Neural network in the clinical diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1993;104:1685–1689
- . Monoclonal antibody to fibrin D -dimer (DD-3B6) recognizes an epitope on the gamma chain of fragment D. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988;89:663–666
- . Measurement of plasma fibrin D -dimer levels with the use of a monoclonal antibody coupled to latex beads. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987;87:94–100
- Plasma cross linked fibrin degradation products in pulmonary embolism. Thorax. 1990;45:684–687
- Evaluation of a new, rapid, and quantitative D -dimer test in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:65–70
- Quantitative plasma D -dimer levels among patients undergoing pulmonary angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism. JAMA. 1993;270:2819–2822
- Utility of cross-linked fibrin degradation products in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J. 1988;116:505–508
-
Rapid detection of cross-linked fibrin degradation products in plasma using monoclonal antibody-coated latex particles.
J Clin Pathol. 1986;85:360–364
- Measurement of cross linked fibrin derivatives in plasma: an immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Pathol. 1984;37:882–887
- Measurement of plasma D -dimer for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989;91:82–85
- D -dimer in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1993;104:1679–1684
- . Pulmonary embolism: efficacy of D -dimer and thrombolic-antithrombolic III complex determinations as screening tests before lung scanning. Chest. 1991;100:1536–1541
- Comparison of three D -dimer assays for the diagnosis of DVT: ELISA, latex and an immunofiltration assay (NycoCard D -dimer). Thromb Haemost. 1994;71:270–274
- Accuracy of two newly described D -dimer tests in patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Res. 1997;86:93
- Reliability of five rapid D -dimer assays compared to ELISA in the exclusion of deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:262–266
- Comparison of four rapid D -dimer tests for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 1996;82:399–407
- Diagnostic value of a new sensitive membrane based technique for instantaneous D -dimer evaluation in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:637–640
- Can laboratory testing improve screening strategies for deep vein thrombosis at an emergency unit?. J Intern Med. 1994;235:143–151
- . Deep venous thrombosis: prediction by D -dimer?. South Med J. 1997;90:907–910
- D -dimer plasma measurement in patients undergoing major hip surgery: use in the prediction and diagnosis of postoperative proximal vein thrombosis. Thromb Res. 1994;74:487–493
- D-dimer strategy in thrombosis exculsion—a gold standard study in 100 patients suspected of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: 8 DD methods compared. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:32–37
- Bedside testing (SimpliRED) in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis: evaluation of 250 patients. Invest Radiol. 1998;33:232–235
- SimpliRED D -dimer can reduce the diagnostic tests in suspected deep vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1998;351:1405–1406
- The use of D -dimer testing and impedance plethysmographic examination in patients with clinical indications of deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1077–1081
- Whole-blood immunoassay (SimpliRED) versus plasma immunoassay (NycoCard) for the diagnosis of clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis. VASA. 1997;26:97–101
- Evaluation of a new rapid quantitative D -dimer assay in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1996;75:412–416
- Comparison of two rapid D -dimer assays for the exclusion of venous thromboembolism. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1998;9:387–388
- Non-invasive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet. 1999;353:190–195
- D -dimer testing as an adjunct to ultrasonography in patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 1998;317:1037–1040
- The role of D -dimer concentration in the exclusion of pulmonary embolism. Br J Haematol. 1996;92:725–732
- Pulmonary embolism in patients with intermediate probability lung scans: diagnosis with Doppler venous US and D -dimer measurement. Radiology. 1994;190:509–511
- D -dimer testing for suspected pulmonary embolism in outpatients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:492–496
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by a decision analysis-based strategy including clinical probability, D -dimer levels, and ultrasonography: a management study. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:531–536
- Complementarity of lung scintigraphy and D -dimer test in pulmonary embolism. Eur J Nucl Med. 1997;24:444–447
- Evaluation of D -dimer ELISA test in elderly patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:38–41
- Reliable, rapid blood test for the exclusion of venous thromboembolism in symptomatic outpatients. Thromb Haemost. 1996;76:9–11
- Application of a novel and rapid whole blood assay for D -dimer in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 1995;73:35–38
- Usefulness of D -dimer, blood gas and respiratory rate measurements for excluding pulmonary embolism. Thorax. 1998;53:830–834
- Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid whole-blood assay for D -dimer in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:1006–1011
- A new quantitative D -dimer assay appropriate in emergency: reliability of the assay for pulmonary embolism exclusion diagnosis. Thromb Res. 1998;91:1–5
- Contribution of a new, rapid, individual and quantitative automated D -dimer ELISA to exclude pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 1996;75:11–13
- . Observer and biological variation of a rapid whole blood D -dimer test. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:91–93
- Gas exchange after pulmonary thromboembolization in dogs. Circ Res. 1978;42:92–103
- . Pharmacology of fibrinolysis. Chest. 1992;101:91S–97S
- . Unilateral hypoventilation in man during temporary occlusion of one pulmonary artery. J Clin Invest. 1960;40:828–835
-
.
Deadspace and the single breath test for carbon dioxide during anaesthesia and artificial ventilation.
Br J Anesth. 1994;56:109–119
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism based upon alveolar dead space analysis. Chest. 1989;96:357–362
- . The dead space to tidal volume ratio in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;133:679–685
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by measurement of alveolar dead space. J Intern Med. 1998;244:199–207
- Value of measurement of alveolar-arterial gradient of PCO2 compared to pulmonary scan in diagnosis of thromboembolic pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1973;28:306–312
- Respiratory changes in thromboembolic disease. Respiration. 1968;25:51–66
- . Respiratory function in pulmonary thromboembolic disorders. BMJ. 1965;1:1089–1093
- . Early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Can Med Assoc J. 1961;85:233–236
-
Kline JA, Kubin AK, Patel MM, et al. Alveolar deadspace as a predictor of severity of pulmonary embolism. Acad Emerg Med . In press.
- Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients in elderly patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1177–1181
- . Use of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in the assessment of acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:333–337
- Arterial blood gas analysis in the assessment of suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1996;109:78–81
- . Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in the assessment of acute pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1995;107:139–143
- . Use of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Am J Med. 1994;96:57–62
- . Improved use of arterial blood gas analysis in suspected pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1989;95:48–51
- Acute pulmonary embolism: role of helical CT in 164 patients with intermediate probability at ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and normal results at duplex US of the legs. Radiology. 1997;205:453–458
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT: comparison with pulmonary angiography and scintigraphy. Radiology. 1996;200:699–706
- Detection of pulmonary embolism in patients with unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis: helical CT versus angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:1369–1374
- . CT of acute pulmonary emboli: where does it fit?. Radiographics. 1997;17:1037–1042
- Spiral-computed tomography versus pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:96–98
- Noninvasive diagnosis of suspected severe pulmonary embolism. Chest. 1997;112:722–728
-
Pulmonary embolism: prospective comparison of spiral CT with ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy.
Thorac Radiol. 1997;205:447–452
- . Clinical utility of computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Clin Imaging. 1997;21:175–182
- Diagnosis of central pulmonary embolism with helical CT: role of two-dimensional multiplanar reformations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165:1131–1138
- Pitfalls in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with helical CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:579–585
-
Peripheral pulmonary arteries: optimization of the spiral CT acquisition protocol.
Thorac Radiol. 1997;204:157–163
- Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with electron beam CT. Radiology. 1993;188:839–845
- Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced electron-beam CT and comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology. 1995;194:313–319
- Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with spiral CT and ventilation-perfusion scanning—correlation with pulmonary angiographic results or clinical outcome. Radiology. 1998;208:201–208
- Central pulmonary thromboembolism: diagnosis with spiral volumetric CT with single breath-hold technique—comparison with pulmonary angiography. Radiology. 1992;185:381–387
- Acute pulmonary embolism: assessment of helical CT for diagnosis. Radiology. 1998;209:235–241
- Prospective comparison of helical CT and MR imaging in clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1996;6:275–281
- Role of spiral volumetric computed tomographic scanning in the assessment of patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism and an abnormal ventilation-perfusion lung scan. Thorax. 1996;51:23–28
- Pulmonary embolism: validation of spiral CT angiography in 149 patients. Radiology. 1996;201:467–470
- Diagnostic approach in acute pulmonary embolism: perfusion scintigraphy versus spiral computed tomography. Nucl Med Commun. 1995;16:1009–1015
- A randomized trial of spiral CT and ventilation perfusion scintigraphy for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Clin Radiol. 1998;53:177–182
-
Airway changes in chronic pulmonary embolism: CT findings in 33 patients.
Thorac Radiol. 1997;203:355–360
- Acute pulmonary embolism: ancillary findings at spiral CT. Radiology. 1998;207:753–758
- Effect of anatomic distribution of pulmonary emboli on interobserver agreement in the interpretation of pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:1085–1089
- Opinions/hypotheses: opinions regarding the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolic disease. Chest. 1998;113:499–504
- Accuracy of helical CT for acute pulmonary embolism: ROC analysis of observer performance related to clinical experience. Eur Radiol. 1998;8:1160–1164
- Contrast-enhanced helical CT for pulmonary embolism detection: inter- and intraobserver agreement among radiologists with variable experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:107–112
- Spiral CT angiography for suspected pulmonary embolism: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Radiology. 1996;201:29–36
- Pulmonary embolism: prediction of the usefulness of initial ventilation-perfusion scanning with chest radiographic findings. Radiology. 1994;193:801–805
- Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR angiography of pulmonary embolism: comparison with pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162:1035–1039
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with magnetic resonance angiography. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1422–1427
- Pulmonary embolism: detection with MR perfusion imaging of lung—a feasibility study. Radiology. 1997;203:181–185
- Chronic thromboembolism: diagnosis with helical CT and MR imaging with angiographic and surgical correlation. Radiology. 1997;204:695–702
- . Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the pulmonary vasculature. Invest Radiol. 1998;33:606–617
- Pulmonary embolism: comparison of MR images with radionuclide and angiographic studies. Radiology. 1994;190:499–508
- Pulmonary angiography with MR imaging: preliminary clinical experience. Radiology. 1993;189:523–530
- Pulmonary MR angiography at 110 T: early results with s-space segmented and post-contrast TurboFLASH two-dimensional time-of-flight sequences. Eur J Radiol. 1995;20:9–15
- MR imaging with spatial modulation of magnetization in the evaluation of chronic central pulmonary thromboemboli. Radiology. 1994;190:791–796
- Transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with acute cor pulmonale: a comparison with radiologic procedures. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24:429–433
- . Transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am Heart J. 1994;127:1639–1642
- Use of two dimensional echocardiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus. J Emerg Med. 1998;16:5–8
- Prognostic significance of right ventricular hypokinesis and perfusion lung scan defects in pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J. 1994;127:1371–1375
- . Role of echo/Doppler in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Clin Cardiol. 1992;15:805–810
- Transesophageal echocardiography for definitive diagnosis of haemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:534–538
- Acute pulmonary embolism: value of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in comparison with helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:931–936
- Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler-echocardiography in unselected patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Int J Cardiol. 1998;65:101–109
- Use of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography combined with clinical and electrocardiographic data to predict acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:779–786
- Diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography-Doppler in acute pulmonary embolism. Int J Cardiol. 1995;47:273–280
- Noninvasive differential diagnosis between chronic pulmonary thromboembolism and primary pulmonary hypertension by means of Doppler ultrasound measurement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1367–1371
- Cross sectional Doppler echocardiography as the initial technique for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. Br Heart J. 1994;72:52–57
- Echocardiographic findings in patients with proved pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J. 1986;112:1284–1290
- Detection of central pulmonary artery thromboemboli by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with severe pulmonary embolism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1992;5:515–524
- Utility of an integrated clinical, echocardiographic and venous ultrasonographic triage of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1230–1235
- . The clinical features of acute pulmonary embolism in ambulatory patients. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4:891–897
- . Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the international cooperative pulmonary embolism registry (ICOPER). Lancet. 1999;353:1386–1389
- Clinical features of pulmonary embolism: doubts and certainties. Chest. 1995;107:25S–32S
☆ None of the authors have received funds from any private or public source for the explicit purpose of writing this article.
☆☆ Two of the authors (JAK, EGI) are engaged in a multicenter trial involving the use of dead space and SimpliRED D -dimer measurements to screen for pulmonary embolism, the Rapid Exclusion of Pulmonary Embolism (REPE) study. The authors’ institutions receive a $100 stipend for each patient enrolled in the REPE study.
★ Address for reprints: Jeffrey Kline, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, MEB 304, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232-2861; 704-355-7092, fax 704-355-7047; E-mail Jkline@carolinas.org.
PII: S0196-0644(00)70137-5
© 2000 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 2
, Pages 168-180
, February 2000
