« Previous
Next »
Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 2
, Pages 202-216
, February 2001
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke
References
-
.
2000 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update.
In: Dallas, TX: : American Heart Association; 1999;p. 13–14
- . Treating ischemic stoke as an emergency. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:457–461
- . Stroke. 2000;31:557–562
- Thresholds of focal ischemia in awake monkeys. J Neurosurg. 1981;54:773–782
-
.
The ischemic penumbra in stroke.
Sci Med. 1995;1:16–25
- . Ischemic penumbra, the therapeutic window. Neurology. 1998;51(Suppl 3):S44–S46
- . Thresholds in cerebral ischemia—the ischemic penumbra. Stroke. 1981;12:723–725
- . Stroke therapy. Sci Am. 1991;265:56–63
-
.
The role of inflammation after acute stroke, utility of pursuing anti-adhesion molecule therapy.
Neurology. 1998;(Suppl 3):S62–S68
- . Ischemia-induced neural apoptosis. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1996;6:667–672
- . Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:145–150
- . Randomize controlled trial of streptokinase aspirin and combination of both in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1995;346:1509–1514
- For the Australian Streptokinase (ASK) Trial Study Group. Streptokinase for acute ischemic stroke with relationship to time of administration. JAMA. 1996;276:961–966
- Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS). JAMA. 1995;274:1017–1025
- . Tissue plasmigin activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581–1587
- Randomized double blind placebo control trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke (ECASS-2). Lancet. 1998;352:1245–1251
- Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset, The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:2019–2026
- Intravenous Ancrod for treatment of acute ischemic stroke The STAT Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283:2395–2403
- . The international stroke trial (IST): a randomized trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349:1569–1581
- . CAST: randomized placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349:1641–1649
- . Intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous t-PA therapy for ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1997;28:2109–2118
- . Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (Danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke. A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1265–1272
- . Clinical trials in acute stroke. Why have they not been successful?. Neurology. 1998;51(Suppl 3):S59–S61
- PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:4–11
- Intra-arterial Prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:2003–2011
- . The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Phase I findings. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:932–936
- Efficacy of intra-arterial thrombolysis of basilar artery stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1999;8:22–27
- . Clinical features of proven basilar occlusion. Stroke. 1990;21:1135–1142
- Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke. 1988;19:1216–1222
- Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-tPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke. 1999;30:2598–2605
- . Acute presentation of stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1999;8:117–126
- Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20:864–870
- . Interrater reliability of the NIH stroke scale. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:660–662
- Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1994;25:1901–1914
- Practice guidelines for the use of imaging and transient ischemic attacks in acute stroke. Report of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1997;28:1480–1497
- Magnetic resonance versus computed tomographic imaging in acute stroke. Stroke. 1995;26:807–812
- Sensitivity and prognostic value of early CT in occlusion of the middle cerebral artery trunk. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:9–15
- Evaluation of early computed tomographic findings in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30:389–392
- . Brain and vascular imaging in acute ischemic stroke: the potential of computed tomography. Neurology. 1997;49(Suppl 4):s52–s55
- Prognostic value of the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign and stroke scale score before ultra early thrombolytic therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:79–85
- Role of CT angiography in patient selection for thrombolytic therapy in acute hemispheric stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:935–938
- Perfusion CT of the brain diagnostic approach for early detection of ischemic stroke. Radiology. 1998;209:85–93
- Acute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery: early evaluation of tri-phase echolocation CT, preliminary results. Radiology. 1998;207:113–122
- . Quantitative cerebral bloodflow determinations in acute ischemic stroke relationship to computed tomography and angiography. Stroke. 1997;28:2208–2213
- . New magnetic resonance techniques for acute ischemic stroke. JAMA. 1995;274:908–911
- . Diffusion weighted MRI for evaluation of acute stroke. Neurology. 1998;51(Suppl 3):s47–s49
- . Applications of diffusion perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1999;52:1750–1756
- . Acute hypertension after stroke: the scientific basis for treatment decisions. Neurology. 1993;43:461–467
- Blood pressure during the first minutes of focal cerebral ischemia. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1438–1443
- Guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke: a supplement to the guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Circulation. 1996;94:1167–1174
-
Stroke: the first hours, emergency evaluation, and treatment. National Stroke Association Consensus Statement.
Stroke Clinical Update. 1997;1–14
(Special edition)
- Should hypertension be treated after acute stroke? A randomized controlled trial using single photon emission computed tomography. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:855–862
- . Electrocardiographic changes and myocardial damage in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents. Stroke. 1977;8:448–455
- . Hypervolemic hemodilution treatment of acute stroke. Stroke. 1989;20:317–323
- . Glucose modulation of ischemic brain injury: review and clinical recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:801–812
- Acute blood glucose level and outcome from ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1999;52:280–284
- Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet. 1996;347:422–425
- Brain temperature monitoring and modulation in patients with severe MCA infarction. Neurology. 1997;48:762–767
- Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke. 1997;28:1585–1589
- . Generalized efficacy of t-PA for acute stroke. Subgroup analysis of the NINDS t-PA stroke trial. Stroke. 1997;28:2119–2125
- Myths regarding the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial: setting the record straight. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30:676–682
- . Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445–453
- . Atrial fibrillation and stroke. Three new studies, three remaining questions. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1443–1448
-
Cost effectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator for ischemic stroke.
Neurology. 1998;50:882–900
- . Practice advisory: thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke—summary statement. Neurology. 1996;47:835–839
- Factors associated with delayed admission to hospital and in-hospital delays in acute stroke and TIA. A prospective, multicenter trial. Stroke. 1999;30:40–48
- . Collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials of organized inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ. 1997;314:1151–1159
- Recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers. JAMA. 2000;283:3102–3109
-
In:
Marler JR, Winters-Jones P, Emr M editor.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Proceedings of a National Symposium on Rapid Identification and Treatment of Acute Stroke. Bethesda, MD: : National Institutes of Health; 1997;p. 157–158
[NIH publication No. 97-4239]
- . A systems approach to immediate evaluation and management of hyperacute stroke: experience at 8 centers and implications for community practice and patient care. Stroke. 1997;28:1530–1540
- Total quality improvement methodology reduces delays between emergency department admission and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:1466–1474
-
.
Prospective, monitored, multicenter, post-approval experience with intravenous t-PA for treatment of acute stroke: the standard treatment with activase to reverse stroke (STARS) study [abstract].
Stroke. 1999;30:244
- Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The Cleveland experience. JAMA. 2000;283:1151–1158
- Early intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a community-based approach. Stroke. 1998;29:1544–1549
- Initial clinical experience with IV tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: a multicenter survey. The t-PA Stroke Survey Group. Neurology. 1999;53:424–427
- Emergency physician treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a retrospective analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:618–625
- Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice. Stroke. 1998;29:18–22
- Effectiveness of t-PA in acute ischemic stroke: outcome relates to appropriateness. Neurology. 2000;54:679–684
- Treating acute stroke patients with intravenous tPA. The OSF stroke network experience. Stroke. 2000;31:77–81
- Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke in patients aged 80 years and older: the tPA stroke survey experience. Stroke. 2000;31:370–375
- . Trends and future developments in the pharmacologic treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Drugs. 1997;54:9–38
- Direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for acute middle cerbral artery occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:767–772
- . Using pathophysiology in acute stroke trials [editorial]. Stroke. 1999;30:1293
☆ Editor’s Note: This article continues a series of special contributions addressing state-of-the-art techniques, topics, or concepts. State-of-the-art articles will be featured in Annals on a regular basis in the next several volumes.
☆☆ Address for reprints: Christopher Lewandowski, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202;,313-916-1553, fax 313-916-7437;,E-mail clewand1@hfhs.org .
PII: S0196-0644(01)09861-4
doi: 10.1067/mem.2001.111573
© 2001 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 2
, Pages 202-216
, February 2001
