Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 6 , Pages 587-601 , June 2001

Executive summary: Developing objectives, content, and competencies for the training of Emergency Medical Technicians, Emergency Physicians, and Emergency Nurses to care for casualties resulting from Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical (NBC) incidents

References 

  1. Tenet G. The worldwide threat in 2000: global relations of our national security. Statement by Director of Central Intelligence before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Feb. 2, 2000;
  2. US Commission on National Security in the 21st Century . New world coming: American security in the 21st century. Sept. 15, 1999;
  3. Henderson DA. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science. 1999;283:1279–1282
  4. Carus WS. Bioterrorism and biocrimes: the illicit use of biological agents in the 20th century. In: Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University; 1999;p. 3–12
  5. Henderson DA. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4:488–492
  6. Anonymous . Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management—United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep CDC Surveill Summ. 1999;48(4):69–74
  7. Keim M, Kaufmann AF. The anthrax hoax phenomenon: principles for emergency response to bioterrorism. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:177–182
  8. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, et al.  A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA. 1997;278:389–395
  9. NYC EMS . Terrorism hits home. Emerg Med Serv. 1993;22(5):31–41
  10. Okudera H, Morita H, Iwashita T, et al.  Unexpected nerve gas exposure in the city of Matsumoto: report of rescue activity in the first sarin gas terrorism. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15:527–528
  11. Okumura T, Suzuki K, Fukuda A, et al.  The Tokyo subway sarin attack: disaster management. Part 2: hospital response. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5:618–624
  12. Mallonee S, Shariat S, Stennies G, Waxweiler R, Hogan D, Jordan F. Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing. JAMA. 1996;276:382
  13. Hogan DE, Waeckerle JF, Dire DJ, Lillibridge SR. Emergency department impact of the Oklahoma City terrorist bombing. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:160–167
  14. State Department Web site. Available at http://www.state.gov/www/global /terrorism/1998 Report/sponsor.html1998;
  15. Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Amendment to the FY 97 Defense Authorization Act, Pub L No. 104-201, Title XIV: Defense against weapons of mass destruction, subtitle A: Domestic Preparedness. US Congress; June 27, 1996.
  16. Monterey Institute of International Studies Web site. Available at http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/pdd-39.thm
  17. Monterey Institute of International Studies Web site. Available at http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/pdd-62.thm
  18. Monterey Institute of International Studies Web site. Available at http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/pdd-63.thm
  19. Monterey Institute of International Studies Web site. Available at http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/response.thm
  20. Institute of Medicine , National Research Council . Chemical and biological terrorism: research and development to improve civilian medical response. Washington, DC: : National Academy Press; 1999;
  21. Franz DRR, Jahrling PR, Friedlander AM, et al.  Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA. 1997;278:399–411
  22. Tucker JB. National health and medical response to incidents of chemical and biological terrorism. JAMA. 1997;278:362–368
  23. Waeckerle JF. Disaster planning and response. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:815–821
  24. Richards C, Burstein JL, Waeckerle JF, Hutson HR. Emergency physicians and biological terrorism. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:183–190
  25. Simon JD. Biological terrorism: preparing to meet the threat. JAMA. 1997;278:428–430
  26. World Health Organization . Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons. In: Geneva, Switzerland: : World Health Organization; 1970;p. 98–99
  27. Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, et al.  Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 1999;281:1735–1745
  28. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, et al.  Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 1999;281:2127–2137
  29. Danzig R, Berkowsky PB. Why should we be concerned about biological warfare?. JAMA. 1997;278:431–432
  30. Eitzen EM. Education is the key to defense against bioterrorism. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:221–223
  31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000 Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep CDC Surveill Summ. 49: No. RR-4.
  32. Lillibridge SR. Testimony presented to the Government Reform and Oversight Committee, Subcommittee on National Security; Sept. 22, 1999; Washington, DC.
  33. Knouss RF. Testimony presented to the Government Reform and Oversight Committee, Subcommittee on National Security; Sept. 22, 1999; Washington, DC.
  34. Leshin CB, Pollock J, Reigeluth CM. Instructional Design Strategies and Tactics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: : Educational Technology Publications; 1992;
  35. Gagged RM, Briggs LJ. Principles of Instructional Design. New York, NY: : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston; 1979;
  36. Briggs LJ. Instructional Design: Principles and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: : Educational Technology Publications; 1977;
  37. Romiszowski AJ. Designing Instructional Systems. New York: : Nichols Publishing; 1981;
  38. Rothwell W, Kazanas H. Mastering the Instructional Design Process. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: : Jossey-Bass Publishers; 1998;
  39. Zemke R, Kramlinger T. Figuring Things Out: A Trainer’s Guide to Needs and Task Analysis. Reading, MA: : Addison-Wesley; 1982;
  40. Rossett A. Analysis of human performance problems. In:  Stolovitch HD,  Keeps EJ editor. Handbook of Human Performance Technology: A Comprehensive Guide for Analyzing and Solving Performance Problems in Organizations. San Francisco, CA: : Jossey-Bass; 1992;p. 97–113
  41. Brown JS, Collins A, Duguid P. Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher. 1989;18(1):32–41
  42. Clark RC. Developing Technical Training: A Structured Approach for the Development of Classroom and Computer-Based Instructional Material. Reading, MA: : Addison-Wesley; 1989;
  43. Merrill DM. Instructional Design Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: : Educational Technology Publishers; 1994;
  44. Richey R. 1992. Designing Instruction for the Adult Learner. London, England: : Kogan Page; 1992;
  45. Garavaglia OL. How to ensure transfer of training. Training Devel. 1973;October;63–68
  46. Patrick J. Training Research and Practice. New York, NY: : Academic Press; 1992;
  47. Broad ML, Newstrom JW. Transfer of Training. Reading, MA: : Addison-Wesley; 1992;
  48. Kirkpatrick DL. In evaluation of training. In:  Craig RL,  Bittel LR editor. Training and Development Handbook. New York, NY: : McGraw-Hill; 1967;
  49. Yelon S. M.A.S.S.: a model for producing transfer. Perform Improvement Q. 1992;5:13–23
  50. Moorhead JC, Gallery ME, Mannie T, et al.  A study of the workforce in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:595–607
  51. Hemmes K, Long C, Rowland G. Situating learning of human performance technology. Perform Improvement Q. 1998;11:16–31
  52. Sorohan EG. We do; therefore, we learn. Training Devel. 1993;October;47–55
  53. Streibel MJ. Instructional plans and situated learning. The challenge of Suchman’s theory of situated action for instructional designers and instructional systems. J Visual Literacy. 1989;9(2):8–36
  54. Gery G. Situated learning. CBT Directions. 1993:April/May;48
  55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases . A Strategy for the 21st Century. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1998; Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/emergplan/plan98.pdf

☆ See Appendix for affiliations of task force members.

☆☆ Supported by the US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Emergency Preparedness (NBC Training Contract 282-98-0037).

★ Address for correspondence: Joseph F. Waeckerle, MD, American College of Emergency Physicians, NBC Task Force, 1125 Executive Circle, Irving, TX 75038-2522; E-mail wack@asespc.com. Address for reprints: Rick Murray, EMS Department, American College of Emergency Physicians, 1125 Executive Circle, Irving, TX, 75038-2522; 800-798-1822, fax, 972-580-2816; E-mail rmurray@acep.org .

PII: S0196-0644(01)30996-4

doi: 10.1067/mem.2001.115649

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 6 , Pages 587-601 , June 2001

Article Tools