Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 44, Issue 1 , Pages 31-42 , July 2004

Current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral: critical role of and a call to action for emergency physicians

  • Richard E. Rothman, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Richard E. Rothman, MD, PhD, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 6-100, Baltimore, MD 21205; 410-614-5933, fax 410-502-8881

Received 16 July 2003 ,Revised 12 January 2004 ,Accepted 13 January 2004.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV prevention strategic plan through 2005 [CDC Web site]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/prev-stat-plan.pdf. Accessed April 14, 2003.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Revised guidelines for HIV counseling, testing, and referral and revised recommendations for HIV screening of pregnant women. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:1–85
  3. Wilson SR, Mitchell C, Bradbury DR, et al.  Testing for HIV: current practices in the academic ED. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:354–356
  4. Alpert PL, Shuter J, De Shaw MG, et al.  Factors associated with unrecognized HIV-1 infection in an inner-city emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:159–164
  5. Rothman RE, Ketlogetswe K, Walker T, et al.  Persistence of unrecognized HIV infection among emergency department patients. [abstract] Acad Emerg Med. 2001;5:493
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  8. Gibson DR, Lovelle-Drache J, Young M, et al.  Effectiveness of brief counseling in reducing HIV risk behavior in injecting drug users: final results of randomized trials of counseling with and without HIV testing. AIDS Behav. 1999;3:3–12
  9. Doll LS, O'Malley PM, Pershing AL, et al.  High-risk sexual behavior and knowledge of HIV antibody status in the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort. Health Psychol. 1990;9:253–265
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  12. van Griensven GJP, de Vroome EMM, Tielman RAP, et al.  Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody knowledge on high-risk sexual behavior with steady and nonsteady sexual partners among homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:596–603
  13. Coates TJ, Morin SF, McKusick L. Behavioral consequences of AIDS antibody testing among gay men. [letter] JAMA. 1987;258:1889
  14. Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, et al.  Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:921–929
  15. FCB HealthCare. Formative research results: HIV prevention in care for health care professionals. Available at: http://www.FCB.com. Accessed March 27, 2003.
  16. Irvin CB, Wyer PC, Gerson LW. Preventive care in the emergency department, (part II: clinical preventive services: an emergency medicine evidence-based review: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Public Health and Education Task Force Preventive Services Work Group). Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:1042–1054
  17. Rothman RE, Ketlogetswe K, Dolan T, et al.  Preventive care in the emergency department: should emergency departments conduct routine HIV screening? A systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:1–8
  18. Rothman RE, Bloomfield P, Rothman RE. Emergency department HIV testing: sounds good, but ?: response. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:1416–1417
  19. Kelen GD, Hexter DA, Hansen KN, et al.  Feasibility of an emergency department–based, risk-targeted voluntary HIV screening program. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27:687–692
  20. Alexander L, Sattah M, Zierner DB, et al. Missed opportunities for HIV diagnosis at an inner city hospital in the United States. Presented at: XII International Conference on AIDS; June 28-July 3, 1998; Geneva, Switzerland. Abstract 43131.
  21. Centers for Disease ControlPrevention . Routinely recommended HIV testing at an urban urgent care clinic: Atlanta, Georgia, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:538–541
  22. Kelen GD, Shahan JB, Quinn TC. Emergency department-based HIV screening and counseling: experience with rapid and standard serologic testing. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:147–155
  23. Goggin MA, Davidson AJ, Cantril SV, et al.  The extent of undiagnosed HIV infection among emergency department patients: results of blinded seroprevalence survey and a pilot HIV testing program. J Emerg Med. 2000;19:13–19
  24. Rapid tests for HIV infection. Med Lett. 2003;45:54–55
  25. Ekwueme DU, Pinkerton SD, Holtgrave DR, et al.  Cost comparison of three HIV counseling and testing technologies. Am J Prev Med. 2003;25:112–121
  26. Bernstein SL, Becker BM. Preventive care in the emergency department: diagnosis and management of smoking and smoking related illnesses in the emergency department: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:720–729
  27. Merchant RC. Nonoccupational HIV exposure prophylaxis: a new role for the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:366–375

☆ Dr. Rothman served as a consultant for the CDC for a teleconference on HIV counseling, testing, and referral in the fall of 2002, as well as an advisor/consultant for preparation of this review.

PII: S0196-0644(04)00067-8

doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.01.016

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 44, Issue 1 , Pages 31-42 , July 2004

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