Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 20, Issue 12 , Pages 1314-1318 , December 1991

Prospective study of manikin-only versus manikin and human subject endotracheal intubation training of paramedics

    MD, FACEP
  • Samuel J Stratton

      Affiliations

    • Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency Paramedic Training Institute, Torrance, California, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Samuel J Stratton, MD, FACEP, Los Angeles County Paramedic Training Institute, PO Box 268, Torrance, California 90507-0268.
    • , MD
  • Glenn Kane

      Affiliations

    • Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency Paramedic Training Institute, Torrance, California, USA
    • , RN
  • Carol S Gunter

      Affiliations

    • Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency Paramedic Training Institute, Torrance, California, USA
    • , PhD
  • Noel C Wheeler

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Downey, California, USA
    • , RN
  • Carol Ableson-Ward

      Affiliations

    • Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency Paramedic Training Institute, Torrance, California, USA
    • , RN
  • Erika Reich

      Affiliations

    • Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency Paramedic Training Institute, Torrance, California, USA
    • , MD, FACEP
  • Franklin D Pratt

      Affiliations

    • County of Los Angeles Fire Department, Downey, California, USA
    • , MD
  • Gregory Ogata

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine, Downey Community Hospital, Downey, California, USA
    • , RN
  • Carol Gallagher

      Affiliations

    • Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency Paramedic Training Institute, Torrance, California, USA

Received 20 November 1990 ,Revised 29 March 1991 ,Accepted 30 April 1991.

References 

  1. Stewart RD, Paris PM, Pelton GH, et al. Effect of varied training techniques on field endotracheal intubation success rates. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:69–73
  2. Pointer J. Clinical characteristics of paramedics' performance of endotracheal intubation. J Emerg Med. 1988;6:505–509
  3. Kaplan J. The use of animals in research. Science. 1988;242:839–840
  4. Loeb JM, Hendee WR, Smith SJ, et al. Human vs animal rights: In defense of animal research. JAMA. 1989;262:2716–2720
  5. Orlowski JP, Kanoti GA, Mehlman MJ. The ethics of using newly dead patients for teaching and practicing intubation techniques. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:439–441
  6. Dore LR, Hilgard ER. Spaced practice and the maturation hypothesis. J Psychol. 1937;4:245–259
  7. Adams JA. A closed-loop theory of motor learning. J Motor Behav. 1971;3:111–150
  8. Newell KM. Knowledge of results and motor learning. J Motor Behav. 1974;6:235–244
  9. Rogers CA. Feedback precision and post-feedback internal duration. J Exp Psychol. 1974;102:604–608
  10. Schmidt RA. A schema theory of discrete motor skills learning. Psych Rev. 1975;82:225–260
  11. Newell KM. Motor learning without knowledge of results. The development of a response-recognition mechanism. J Motor Behav. 1976;8:209–217
  12. Kenn K, Booth B. Specific and varied practice of motor skill. Perceptual Motor Skills. 1978;48:395–401
  13. Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H, et al. The importance of beta, the type II error, and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized controlled trial. In: Bailar JC, Mosteller F editor. Medical Uses of Statistics. Pearl River, New York: The New England Journal of Medicine Books; 1986;p. 289–304
  14. DeLeo B. Endotracheal intubation by rescue squad personnel. Heart Lung. 1977;6:851–854
  15. Shea SR, MacDonald JR, Gmzinski G. Prehospital endotracheal tube airway or esophageal gastric tube airway: A critical comparison. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:102–112

PII: S0196-0644(05)81073-X

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 20, Issue 12 , Pages 1314-1318 , December 1991

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