Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 3 , Pages 309-315 , March 1990

Introduction to biostatistics: Part 2, descriptive statistics

    MD, PhD
  • Gary M Gaddis
    • , PhD
  • Monica L Gaddis

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Monica L Gaddis, PhD, Department of Surgery, Truman Medical Center, 2301 Holmes, Kansas City, Missouri 64108.

Received 1 September 1989 ,Accepted 4 December 1989.

References 

  1. Gaddis ML, Gaddis GM. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 1, Basic concepts. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:86–89
  2. Clegg F. Introduction to statistics I: Descriptive statistics. Br J Hospital Med. 1987;37:356–357
  3. Forrest M, Andersen B. Ordinal scale and statistics in medical research. Br Med J. 1986;292:537–538
  4. Campbell MJ, Gardner MJ. Calculating confidence intervals for some non-parametric analyses. Br Med J. 1988;296:1454–1456
  5. Hopkins KD, Glass GV. Basic Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Arlington, Virginia: Prentice-Hall, Inc; 1978;
  6. Glanz SA. Primer of Biostatistics. ed 2. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: McGraw-Hill Book Co; 1987;
  7. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. Biometry. ed 2. New York: WH Freeman and Co; 1981;
  8. Maxfield M, Schweitzer J, Gouvier WD. Measures of central tendency, variability, and relative standing in nonnormal distributions: Alternatives to the mean and standard score. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:406–409
  9. (letter) Nierenberg A, Jekel J, Singer B. Is standard deviation always the right choice?. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:1198–1199
  10. Davis RH. How to use standard error in a clinical study. J Am Podiatric Med Assoc. 1987;77:154–156
  11. (letter) Hamer RM. Measures of precision for means: SE or SD?. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:804–805
  12. Elenbaas RM, Elenbaas JK, Cuddy PG, et al. Evaluating the medical literature, Part II: Statistical analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1983;12:610–620
  13. Bunce H, Hokanson JA, Weiss GB. Avoiding ambiguity when reporting variability in biomedical data. Am J Med. 1980;69:8–9
  14. Gardner MJ, Altman DG. Confidence intervals rather than P values: Estimation rather than hypothesis testing. Br Med J. 1986;292:746–750
  15. Bulpitt CJ. Confidence intervals. Lancet. 1987;494–497
  16. Simon R. Confidence intervals for reporting results of clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:429–435

PII: S0196-0644(05)82052-9

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 3 , Pages 309-315 , March 1990

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