Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 5 , Pages 591-597 , May 1990

Introduction to biostatistics: Part 3, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and hypothesis testing

    MD, PhD
  • Gary M Gaddis

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Health Services University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Gary M Gaddis, MD, PhD, Department of Emergency Health Services, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center, 2301 Holmes, Kansas City, Missouri 64108.
    • , PhD
  • Monica L Gaddis

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, USA

Received 1 September 1989 ,Accepted 30 January 1990.

References 

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  2. Keppel G. In: Design and Analysis. A Researcher's Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc; 1978;
  3. Elenbaas RM, Elenbaas JK, Cuddy PG. Evaluating the medical literature Part II: Statistical analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1983;12:610–620
  4. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. In: ed 2. Biometry. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: WH Freeman and Co; 1981;
  5. Freiman JA, Chalmers TC, Smith H, et al. The importance of beta, the type II error, and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:690–694
  6. Reed JF, Slaichert W. Statistical proof in inconclusive “negative” trials. Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:1307–1310
  7. Cohen J. Differences between proportions. In: Statistics Medicine. New York: Little, Brown, & Co; 1974;
  8. Arkin CF, Wachtel MS. How many patients are necessary to assess test performance?. JAMA. 1990;263:275–278
  9. Fleiss JL. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. ed 2. Boston: John Wiley & Sons; 1981;
  10. Young MJ, Bresnitz EA, Strom BL. Sample size nomograms for interpreting negative clinical studies. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:248–251
  11. Gardner MJ, Altman DC. Confidence intervals rather than P values: Estimation rather than hypothesis testing. Br Med J. 1986;292:746–750
  12. Gaddis GM, Caddis ML. Introduction to biostatistics: Part 2, descriptive statistics. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:309–315
  13. MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D, et al. Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:630–633
  14. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FL, et al. Coffee and pancreatic cancer in a rural California county. West J Med. 1988;148:48–51

PII: S0196-0644(05)82198-5

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 5 , Pages 591-597 , May 1990

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