Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 6 , Pages 683-687 , June 1990

50% dextrose: Antidote or toxin?

Received 22 February 1989 ,Revised 22 December 1989 ,Accepted 30 January 1990.

References 

  1. Siesjo BK. Mechanisms of ischemic brain damage. Crit Care Med. 1988;16:954–963
  2. Lanier WL, Strangland KJ, Scheithauer BW, et al. The effects of dextrose infusion and head position on neurologic outcome after complete cerebral ischemia in primates: Examination of a model. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:39–48
  3. American Heart Association . Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care. JAMA. 1986;255:2841–3044
  4. In: Plum F, Posner JB editor. The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma. ed 3. New York: FA Davis Co; 1980;p. 352
  5. Posner JB. The comatose patient. JAMA. 1975;233:1313–1314
  6. Henry GL. Coma and altered states of consciousness. In: Tintinalli JE, Krome RL, Ruiz E editor. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. ed 2. Philadelphia: McGraw-Hill Book Co; 1988;p. 128
  7. Huff SJ. Coma. In: Rosen P, Baker FJ, Barkin RM, et al. editor. ed 2. Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. vol 1:St Louis: CV Mosby; 1988;p. 249
  8. Bryson PD. Comprehensive Review in Toxicology. In: St Louis: Aspen; 1986;p. 7
  9. Goldfrank LR. Toxicologic Emergencies. In: ed 3. Rockville, Maryland: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1986;p. 8Goldfrank LR. Toxicologic Emergencies. In: ed 3. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1986;p. 266–268
  10. Myers RE, Yamaguchi S. Nervous system effects of cardiac arrest in monkeys. Arch Neurol. 1977;34:65–74
  11. Siemkowicz E, Hansen AJ. Clinical restitution following cerebral ischemia in hyponormo-, and hyperglycemic rats. Acta Neurol Scand. 1978;58:1–8
  12. Pulsinelli WA, Waldman S, Rawlinson D, et al. Moderate hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain damage: A neuropathic study in the rat. Neurology (NY). 1982;32:1239–1246
  13. D'Alecy LG, Lundy EF, Barton KJ, et al. Dextrose containing intravenous fluid impairs outcome and increases death after eight minutes of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in dogs. Surgery. 1986;100:505–511
  14. Pulsinelli WA, Levy DE, Sigsbee B, et al. Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patients with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 1983;74:540–544
  15. Candelise L, Landi G, Orazio E, et al. Prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:661–733
  16. Asplund K, Hagg E, Helmers C, et al. The natural history of stroke in diabetic patients. Acta Med Scand. 1980;207:417–424
  17. Longstreth WT, Inui TS. High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol. 1984;15:59–63
  18. Ross H, Johnston IDA, Welborn TA, et al. Effect of abdominal operation on glucose tolerance and serum levels of insulin, growth hormones, and hydrocortisone. Lancet. 1966;2:563–566
  19. Kinney JM, Long CL, Duke JH. Carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism after injury. In: Porter R, Knight J editor. Energy Metabolism in Trauma. Norwalk, Connecticut: J and A Churchill; 1970;p. 103
  20. McDonald L, Baker C, Bray C, et al. Plasma catecholamines after cardiac infarction. Lancet. 1969;2:1021–1023
  21. Melamed E. Reactive hyperglycemia in patients with acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1976;29:267–275
  22. Woo E, Ma JTC, Robinson JD, et al. Hyperglycemia is a stress response in acute stroke. Stroke. 1988;19:1359–1364
  23. Mackenzie GJ, Taylor SH, Flenley DC, et al. Circulatory and respiratory studies in myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Lancet. 1964;2:825–832
  24. Garcia-Barreno P, Balibrea JL. Metabolic response in shock. Surg Gyncecol Obstet. 1978;146:182–190
  25. Tomomatsu T. ECG observations and urinary excretion of catecholamines in cerebrovascular accidents. Jap Circ J. 1964;28:905–912
  26. Plum F. What causes infarction in ischemic brain? The Robert Wartenberg lecture. Neurology. 1983;33:222–233
  27. Rehncrona S, Rosen I, Siesjo BK. Brain lactic acidosis and ischemic cell damage: 1. Biochemistry and neurophysiology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1981;1:297–311
  28. Siesjo BK. Cell damage in the brain: A speculative synthesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1981;1:155–185
  29. Welsh FA, Ginsberg MD, Rieder W, et al. Deleterious effect of glucose pretreatment on recovery from diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: II. Regional metabolite levels. Stroke. 1980;11:355–363
  30. Smith ML, von Hanwehr R, Siesjo BK. Changes in extra- and intracellular pH in the brain during and following ischemia in hyperglycemic and in moderately hypoglycemic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1986;6:574–583
  31. Inamura K, Smith M-L, Olsson Y, et al. Pathogenesis of substantia nigra lesions following hyperglycemic ischemia: Changes in energy metabolites, cerebral blood flow, and morphology of pars reticulata in a rat model of ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8:375–384
  32. (abstract) de Courten-Myers GM, Yamaguchi S-I, Myers RE. Accentuation of hypoxic-anoxic brain injury by postexposure infusion of glucose solutions. Neurology (NY). 1982;32:A110
  33. Nedergaard M, Diemer NH. Focal ischemia of the rat brain, with special reference to the influence of plasma glucose concentration. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1987;73:131–137
  34. Duverger D, Mackenzie ET. The quantification of cerebral infarction following focal ischemia in the rat: Influence of strain, arterial pressure, blood glucose concentration, and age. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8:449–461
  35. Prado R, Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD, et al. Hyperglycemia increases infarct size in collaterally perfused but not end-arterial vascular territories. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988;8:186–192
  36. de Courten-Myers G, Myers RE, Schoolfield L. Hyperglycemia enlarges infarct size in cerebrovascular occlusion in cats. Stroke. 1988;19:623–630
  37. Kalimo H, Rehncrona S, Soderfeldt B, et al. Brain lactic acidosis and ischemic cell damage: 2. Histopathology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1981;1:313–327
  38. Nedergaard M. Transient focal ischemia in hyperglycemic rats is associated with increased cerebral infarction. Brain Res. 1987;408:79–85
  39. Levy DE, Bates D, Caronna JJ, et al. Prognosis in nontraumatic coma. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:293–301
  40. Godine JE, Hurxthal K, Nahtan DM. Bedside capillary glucose measurement by staff nurses in a general hospital. Am J Med. 1986;80:803–806
  41. Pointer JE. Glucose analysis: Indications for ordering and alternatives to the laboratory. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:372–376
  42. Chernow B. Bedside blood glucose determinations in critical care medicine. Crit Care Med. 1982;10:463–465
  43. Maisels MJ, Lee CA. Chemstrip glucose test strips: Correlation with true glucose values less than 80 mg/dl. Crit Care Med. 1983;11:293–295
  44. Siemkowicz E. Hyperglycemia in the reperfusion period hampers recovery from cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurol Scand. 1981;64:207–216
  45. (transl) Adams F. In: The Genuine Works of Hippocrates. vol 1:London: William Wood and Co; 1886;p. 300

PII: S0196-0644(05)82479-5

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 19, Issue 6 , Pages 683-687 , June 1990