Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 49, Issue 6 , Pages 785-791 , June 2007

Docking the Tail That Wags the Dog: Banning Drug Reps from Academic Medical Facilities

References 

  1. Elliott C. The drug pushers. Atlantic Monthly. 2006;82–93April
  2. Kroft S. A question of corruption. 60 Minutes report. Available at: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/29/60minutes/main2625305.shtml. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  3. Bakkedahl D. Dr. Spin: Medicine Woman (television sketch). The Daily Show. Available at: http://www.comedycentral.com/sitewide/media_player/play.jhtml?itemId=63731. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  4. Moskop JC, Birinyi F. Ethics and drug company gifts to physicians. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and Medicine. 1982;14:1–2
  5. Waud DR. Pharmaceutical promotions--a free lunch?. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:351–353
  6. Orlowski JP, Wateska L. The effects of pharmaceutical firm enticements on physician prescribing patterns: there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Chest. 1992;102:270–273
  7. Ziegler MD, Lew P, Singer BC. The accuracy of drug information from pharmaceutical sales representatives. JAMA. 1995;273:1296–1298
  8. Angell M. Is academic medicine for sale?. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1516–1518
  9. Wazana A. Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: is a gift ever just a gift?. JAMA. 2000;283:373–380
  10. Sigworth SA, Nettleman MD, Cohen GM. Pharmaceutical branding of resident physicians. JAMA. 2001;286:1024–1025
  11. Moynihan R. Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationships between doctors and drug companies (Part 1: Entanglement; Part 2: Disentanglement). BMJ. 2003;326:1189–11921193-1196
  12. Blumenthal D. Academic–industrial relationships in the life sciences. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2452–2459
  13. Avorn J. Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs. NY: Knopf; 2004;
  14. Keim SM, Mays MZ, Grant D. Interactions between emergency medicine programs and the pharmaceutical industry. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:19–26
  15. Marco CA. Pharmaceutical advertising in emergency departments. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:401–404
  16. Marco CA, Moskop JC, Solomon RC, et al. Gifts to physicians from the pharmaceutical industry: an ethical analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48:513–521
  17. Angell M. The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do about It. NY: Random House; 2004;Excerpted in New York Review of Books 2004 (July 15); 51(12): 52-58.
  18. Angell, ibid., p. 252.
  19. Sierles FS, Brodkey AC, Clearly LM, et al. Medical students’ exposure to and attitudes about drug company interactions: a national survey. JAMA. 2005;294:1034–1042
  20. Dana J, Lowenstein G. A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry. JAMA. 2003;290:252–255
  21. Katz D, Caplan AL, Merz JF. All gifts large and small: toward an understanding of the ethics of pharmaceutical industry gift-giving. Am J Bioeth. 2003;3:39–46
  22. Gill KS, Katz ED, Mahoney H. Effect of pharmaceutical representatives on prescribing practices of an emergency medicine residency. [abstract] Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:424
  23. Hensley S. Generic drugs sampled freely in Aetna test. Wall Street Journal. 2005;October 12
  24. American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Clarification of gifts to physicians from industry. 2000;Addendum 2, opinion 8.061, December. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/5689.html. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  25. American College of Emergency Physicians. Gifts to emergency physicians from the biomedical industry. Available at: http://www.acep.org/webportal/PracticeResources/issues/medleg/ethics/biomedgifts.htm. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  26. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Principles to guide the relationship between graduate medical education and industry (adopted September 2002).
  27. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Brennan TA. Financial conflicts of interest in physicians’ relationships with the pharmaceutical industry: self-regulation in the shadow of federal prosecution. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1891–1900
  28. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals. Available at: http://www.phrma.org/files/PhRMA%20Code.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  29. Angell, The Truth about the Drug Companies, p. 132.
  30. Brennan TA, Rothman DJ, Blank L, et al. Health industry practices that create conflicts of interest: a policy proposal for academic medical centers. JAMA. 2006;295:429–433
  31. Trewhitt J, Johnson K. PhRMA statement on sales representatives. PhRMA maintains a similar document on its website, with different figures and estimates for expenditures. 2007;News release, March 30. Available at: http://www.phrma.org/news_room/press_releases/phrma_statement_on_restricting_drug_marketing_and_education/. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  32. Saul S. Gimme an Rx! Cheerleaders pep up drug sales. New York Times. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/business/28cheer.html?ei=5088&en=1f0c2de686b66853&ex=1290834000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  33. Alsop R. Ranking corporate reputations. Wall Street Journal. Available at: http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB113382708423014553-qFM4JXwHCQvWsS14_SXjj123W5M_20061206.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  34. Kaiser Family Foundation. Views on prescription drugs and the pharmaceutical industry. 2005;Health Poll Report Survey conducted Feb. 3-5. Available at: http://www.kff.org/spotlight/rxdrugs/upload/Spotlight_Feb05_RxDrugs.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  35. Office for Civil Rights - HIPAA. Medical Privacy: National Standards to Protect the Privacy of Personal Health Information. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2002;Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa/privacy.html. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  36. Boyd EA, Cho MK, Bero LA. Financial conflict-of-interest policies in clinical research: issues for clinical investigators. Acad Med. 2003;78:769–774
  37. Mirowski P, Van Horn R. The contract research organization and the commercialization of scientific research. Social Studies of Science. 2005;35:503–548
  38. American Medical Student Association. Principles regarding pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Available at: http://www.amsa.org/about/ppp/pharm.cfm. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  39. Coleman DL, Kazdin AE, Miller LA, et al. Guidelines for interactions between clinical faculty and the pharmaceutical industry: one medical school’s approach. Academic Medicine. 2006;81:154–160
  40. Grady MS, Kennedy DW. Guidelines for interactions between healthcare professionals and industry (Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania /Clinical Practices of the University of Pennsylvania Clinical Practice Guideline). 2006;Sept. 27, Available at: http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/cep/resources/PhARMA%202-202006%20prof-industry.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  41. Pharmaceutical company representative activity. HUP/CPUP Policy Manual, Sept. 27, 2006. Available at: http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/cep/resources/1_12_41%20pharma%20policy.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  42. Duke University Health System. Pharmaceutical and nutritional vendors: policy and procedures and FAQs. 2003;Available at: http://pharmacy.mc.duke.edu/PT/. Accessed April 1, 2007.
  43. Ross JS, Lackner JE, Lurie P, et al. Pharmaceutical company payments to physicians: early experiences with disclosure laws in Vermont and Minnesota. JAMA. 2007;297:1216–1223
  44. Stark A. Conflict of Interest in American Public Life. Cambridge: Harvard; 2000;

PII: S0196-0644(07)00487-8

doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.04.010

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 49, Issue 6 , Pages 785-791 , June 2007

Article Tools