Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 50, Issue 5 , Pages 576-583 , November 2007

The Physiologic Effects of a Conducted Electrical Weapon in Swine

  • Amanda O. Esquivel, MS

      Affiliations

    • Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
    • ,
  • Elizabeth J. Dawe, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Surgical Research Services, College of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
    • ,
  • Javier A. Sala-Mercado, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
    • ,
  • Robert L. Hammond, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
    • ,
  • Cynthia A. Bir, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Cynthia Bir, PhD, Biomedical Engineering, 818 W Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201; 313-577-3830, fax 313-577-8333

References 

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  3. In:  Manojlovic D editors. Review of Conducted Energy Devices. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Police Research Centre; 2005;TR-01-2006.
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  5. Jauchem JR, Sherry CJ, Fines DA, et al. Acidosis, lactate, electrolytes, muscle enzymes, and other factors in the blood of Sus scrofa following repeated TASER exposures. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;161:20–30
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  12. Swindle MM, Smith AC. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Pig. Beltsville, MD: United States Department of Agriculture; 2000;
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  14. Spears JR, Prcevski P, Xu R, et al. Aqueous oxygen attenuation of reperfusion microvascular ischemia in a canine model of myocardial infarction. ASAIO J. 2003;49:716–720
  15. Hannon JP, Bossone CA, Wade CE. Normal physiological values for conscious pigs used in biomedical research. Lab Anim Sci. 1990;40:293–298
  16. Di Maio TG, Di Maio VJM. Excited Delirium Syndrome: Cause of Death and Prevention. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group; 2006;
  17. Hastings AB, White FC, Sanders TM, et al. Comparative physiological responses to exercise stress. J Appl Physiol. 1982;52:1077–1083
  18. Malan TP, DiNardo JA, Isner RJ, et al. Cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane compared with those of isoflurane in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:918–928
  19. Ehrsam RE, Heigenhauser GJ, Jones NL. Effect of respiratory acidosis on metabolism in exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1982;53:63–69
  20. Kemp G. Lactate accumulation, proton buffering, and pH change in ischemically exercising muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;289:R895–R901author reply R904-910

 Supervising editor: Stephen R. Thom, MD, PhDAuthor contributions: CAB conceived the study and obtained research funding. EJD, RLH, and CAB designed the trial. AOE, EJD, JAS-M, and RLH supervised the conduct of the trial and data collection. AOE and RLH collected the data. AOE analyzed the data. JAS-M examined the ECGs. AOE drafted the article, and all authors contributed substantially to its revision. AOE takes responsibility for the paper as a whole.Funding and support: By Annals policy, all authors are required to disclose any and all commercial, financial, and other relationships in any way related to the subject of this article, that might create any potential conflict of interest. See the Manuscript Submission Agreement in this issue for examples of specific conflicts covered by this statement. This study was supported by Stinger Systems Inc. for funding of the technical costs of the study. The authors had sole responsibility for the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, and preparation of the article. None of the authors have any financial interest in Stinger Systems Inc., nor have they received any financial support from Stinger Systems Inc. outside of the grant.Publication dates: Available online August 23, 2007.

PII: S0196-0644(07)00569-0

doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.05.003

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 50, Issue 5 , Pages 576-583 , November 2007

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