Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 52, Issue 2 , Pages 170-181 , August 2008

Practical Considerations in HIV Testing in the Emergency Department, Characteristics of Diagnostic Tests, and the Role of Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Studies: Answers to March 2008 Journal Club Questions

  • Tyler W. Barrett, MD

      Affiliations

    • Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
    • ,
  • David L. Schriger, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA

References 

  1. Haukoos JS, Hopkins E, Byyny RL. Patient acceptance of rapid HIV testing practices in an urban emergency department: assessment of the 2006 CDC recommendations for HIV screening in health care settings. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;51:303–309
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV counseling with rapid tests. http://cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/factsheets/rt_counseling.htm 2007Accessed January 17, 2008
  3. Greenwald JL, Burstein GR, Pincus J, et al. A rapid review of rapid HIV antibody tests. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2006;8:125–131
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rapid HIV testing in emergency departments—three U.S. sites, January 2005–March 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:597–601
  5. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:1–17
  6. Wolf LE, Donoghoe A, Lane T. Implementing routine HIV testing: the role of state law. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e1005
  7. Haukoos JS, Hopkins E, Eliopoulos VT, et al. Development and implementation of a model to improve identification of patients infected with HIV using diagnostic rapid testing in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:1149–1157
  8. Brown J, Shesser R, Simon G, et al. Routine HIV screening in the emergency department using the new US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines: results from a high-prevalence area. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:395–401
  9. Brown J, Shesser R, Simon G. Establishing an ED HIV screening program: lessons from the front lines. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14:658–661
  10. Silva A, Glick NR, Lyss SB, et al. Implementing an HIV and sexually transmitted disease screening program in an emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:564–572
  11. Lyons MS, Lindsell CJ, Ledyard HK, et al. Emergency department HIV testing and counseling: an ongoing experience in a low-prevalence area. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46:22–28
  12. Harris SK, Samples CL, Keenan PM, et al. Outreach, mental health, and case management services: can they help to retain HIV-positive and at-risk youth and young adults in care?. Matern Child Health J. 2003;7:205–218
  13. Sherer R, Stieglitz K, Narra J, et al. HIV multidisciplinary teams work: support services improve access to and retention in HIV primary care. AIDS Care. 2002;14(suppl 1):S31–S44
  14. Haukoos JS, Witt MD, Coil CJ, et al. The effect of financial incentives on adherence with outpatient human immunodeficiency virus testing referrals from the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:617–621
  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rapid HIV testing in outreach and other community settings—United States, 2004-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:1233–1237
  16. Lubelchek R, Kroc K, Hota B, et al. The role of rapid vs conventional human immunodeficiency virus testing for inpatients: effects on quality of care. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1956–1960
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rapid HIV testing in emergency departments—three U.S. sites, January 2005-March 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:597–601
  18. ACEP. Policy statement: HIV testing and screening in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:209
  19. Burke RC, Sepkowitz KA, Bernstein KT, et al. Why don't physicians test for HIV? (A review of the US literature). AIDS. 2007;21:1617–1624
  20. Kelen GD, Hexter DA, Hansen KN, et al. Trends in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among a patient population of an inner-city emergency department: implications for emergency department-based screening programs for HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:867–875
  21. Baraff LJ, Talan DA, Torres M. Prevalence of HIV antibody in a noninner-city university hospital emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:782–786
  22. Kelen GD, Shahan JB, Quinn TC. Emergency department-based HIV screening and counseling: experience with rapid and standard serologic testing. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:147–155
  23. Lyss SB, Branson BM, Kroc KA, et al. Detecting unsuspected HIV infection with a rapid whole-blood HIV test in an urban emergency department. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;44:435–442
  24. Geng E, Kreiswirth B, Burzynski J, et al. Clinical and radiographic correlates of primary and reactivation tuberculosis: a molecular epidemiology study. JAMA. 2005;293:2740–2745
  25. Schriger D. Problems with current methods of data analysis and reporting, and suggestions for moving beyond incorrect ritual. Eur J Emerg Med. 2002;9:203–207
  26. Greenland S. Basic methods for sensitivity analysis of biases. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:1107–1116

 Editor's note: These questions and answers refer to the Haukoos et al paper on patient acceptance of rapid HIV testing in the emergency department [Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 51:303-309]. Readers should recognize that these are suggested answers and, although it is hoped that they are correct, are by no means comprehensive. There are many other points that could be made about these questions or about the article in general. Questions are rated “novice,” (), “intermediate,” (), and “advanced” ().

PII: S0196-0644(08)00427-7

doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.01.333

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 52, Issue 2 , Pages 170-181 , August 2008

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