Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 53, Issue 4 , Pages 490-500 , April 2009

Before and After the Trauma Bay: The Prevention of Violent Injury Among Youth

  • Rebecca Cunningham, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine and the UM Injury Research Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
    • School of Public Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress for reprints: Rebecca Cunningham, MD, University of Michigan, Injury Research Center, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 2C40, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5437; 734-615-3704, fax 734-936-2706
    • ,
  • Lynda Knox, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
    • ,
  • Joel Fein, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Emergency Department at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
    • ,
  • Stephanie Harrison, MPH, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine and the UM Injury Research Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
    • ,
  • Keri Frisch, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine and the Injury Research Center, Injury Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
    • ,
  • Maureen Walton, MPH, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
    • ,
  • Rochelle Dicker, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, University of California and San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
    • ,
  • Deane Calhoun, MA

      Affiliations

    • Youth ALIVE!, Oakland, CA
    • ,
  • Marla Becker, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Youth ALIVE!, Oakland, CA
    • ,
  • Stephen W. Hargarten, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Emergency Medicine and the Injury Research Center, Injury Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI

Received 14 May 2008 ,Revised 3 November 2008 ,Accepted 19 November 2008.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqarsAccessed April 8, 2008
  2. Sims DW, Bivins BA, Obeid FN, et al. Urban trauma: a chronic recurrent disease. J Trauma. 1989;29:940–946
  3. Reiner DS, Pastena JA, Swan KG, et al. Trauma recidivism. Am Surg. 1990;56:556–560
  4. Morrissey TB, Byrd CR, Deitch EA. The incidence of recurrent penetrating trauma in an urban trauma center. J Trauma. 1991;31:1536–1538
  5. Goins WA, Thompson J, Simpkins C. Recurrent intentional injury. J Natl Med Assoc. 1992;84:431–435
  6. Poole GV, Griswold JA, Thaggard VK, et al. Trauma is a recurrent disease. Surgery. 1993;113:608–611
  7. Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council. Hospital performance report 2002—news release (Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council Web site). http://www.phc4.org/reports/hpr/02/nr102903.htmAccessed April 8, 2008
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. National Summary of Injury Mortality Data, 1987-1994. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 1996;
  9. Prothrow-Stith DB. The epidemic of youth violence in America: using public health prevention strategies to prevent violence. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1995;6:95–101
  10. Menard S. Short- and Long-term Consequences of Adolescent Victimization. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; 2002;
  11. Bingenheimer JB, Brennan RT, Earls FJ. Firearm violence exposure and serious violent behavior. Science. 2005;308:1323–1326
  12. Dowd MD. Consequences of violence (Premature death, violence recidivism, and violent criminality). Pediatr Clin North Am. 1998;45:333–340
  13. Corso PS, Mercy JA, Simon TR, et al. Medical costs and productivity losses due to interpersonal and self-directed violence in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32:474–482
  14. Cook PJ, Lawrence BA, Ludwig J, et al. The medical costs of gunshot injuries in the United States. JAMA. 1999;282:447–454
  15. Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. Blueprints for violence prevention (University of Colorado at Boulder Web site). http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/index.htmlAccessed July 8, 2005
  16. Commission for the Prevention of Youth Violence. Youth and violence (Medicine, nursing, and public health: connecting the dots to prevent violence. American Medical Association Web site). http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/upload/mm/386/fullreport.pdfAccessed April 8, 2008
  17. Dearing B, Caston RJ, Babin J. The impact of a hospital based educational program on adolescent attitudes toward drinking and driving. J Drug Educ. 1991;21:349–359
  18. Tucker JB, Barone JE, Stewart J, et al. Violence prevention: reaching adolescents with the message. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15:436–439
  19. US Department of Health and Human Services. Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2001;
  20. Catalano RF, Loeber R, McKinney KC. School and Community Interventions to Prevent Serious and Violent Offending. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; 1999;
  21. Catalano RF, Arthur MW, Hawkins JD, et al. Comprehensive community- and school-based interventions to prevent antisocial behavior. In:  Loeber R,  Farrington DP editor. Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998;p. 248–283
  22. Masten AS, Coatsworth JD. The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments (Lessons from research on successful children). Am Psychol. 1998;53:205–220
  23. Catalano RF, Hawkins JD. Communities That Care: Risk-Focused Prevention Using the Social Development Strategy. Seattle, WA: Developmental Research and Programs, Inc; 1995;
  24. American Medical Association. Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS). Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 1997;
  25. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Violence. The role of the pediatrician in youth violence prevention in clinical practice and at the community level. Pediatrics. 1999;103:173–181
  26. American Academy of Pediatrics. Firearm-related injuries affecting the pediatric population (Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. American Academy of Pediatrics). Pediatrics. 2000;105(4 pt 1):888–895
  27. American Academy of Family Physicians. Violence (American Academy of Family Physicians Web site). [position paper] http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/v/violencepositionpaper.htmlAccessed April 8, 2008
  28. American College of Emergency Physicians. Practice resources—violence (American College of Emergency Physicians Web site). http://www.acep.org/practres.aspx?id=29848Accessed April 8, 2008
  29. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Injury in America: A Continuing Health Problem. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1985;
  30. Committee on Trauma. Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) for trauma patients: COT quick guide (American College of Surgeons Web site). http://www.facs.org/trauma/publications/sbirtguide.pdfAccessed April 8, 2008
  31. Johnson SB, Bradshaw CP, Wright JL, et al. Characterizing the teachable moment: is an emergency department visit a teachable moment for intervention among assault-injured youth and their parents?. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23:553–559
  32. Monti PM, Colby SM, Barnett NP, et al. Brief intervention for harm reduction with alcohol-positive older adolescents in a hospital emergency department. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67:989–994
  33. Williams S, Brown A, Patton R, et al. The half-life of the “teachable moment” for alcohol misusing patients in the emergency department. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;77:205–208
  34. Becker B, Woolard RE, Nirenberg TD, et al. Alcohol use among sub-critically injured emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:784–790
  35. Dikmen SS, Machamer JE, Donovan DM, et al. Alcohol use before and after traumatic head injury. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26:167–176
  36. Longabough R, Minugh PA, Nirenberg TD, et al. Injury as a motivator to reduce drinking. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:817–825
  37. Widom CS. The cycle of violence. Science. 1989;244:160–166
  38. Spivak HR, Prothrow-Stith D. Addressing violence in the emergency department. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2003;4:135–140
  39. Belcher JR, DeForge BR, Jani JS. Inner-city victims of violence and trauma care: the importance of trauma-center discharge and aftercare planning and violence prevention programs. J Health Soc Pol. 2005;21:17–34
  40. Morrongiello BA, Hillier L, Bass M. “What I said” versus “what you heard”: a comparison of physicians' and parents' reporting of anticipatory guidance on child safety issues. Inj Prev. 1995;1:223–227
  41. Quinlan KP, Sacks JJ, Kresnow M. Exposure to and compliance with pediatric injury prevention counseling—United States, 1994. Pediatrics. 1998;102:e55
  42. McCaig LF, Burt CW. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1999 emergency department summary. Adv Data. 2001;(320):1–34
  43. Ziv A, Boulet JR, Slap GB. Emergency department utilization by adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 1998;101:987–994
  44. Marcell AV, Klein JD, Fischer I, et al. Male adolescent use of health care services: where are the boys?. J Adolesc Health. 2002;30:35–43
  45. Fein JA, Ginsburg KR, McGrath ME, et al. Violence prevention in the emergency department: clinician attitudes and limitations. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:495–498
  46. Raden AS. Youth Violence Prevention: How Does the Health Care Sector Respond?. Washington, DC: George Washington University; 2001;
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency department response to domestic violence—California, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42:617–619
  48. Knox L. Youth Violence and the Health Professions: Core Competencies for Effective Practice. Riverside, CA: Southern California Academic Center of Excellence on Youth Violence Prevention; 2001;
  49. Denninghoff KR, Knox L, Cunningham R, et al. Emergency medicine: competencies for youth violence prevention and control. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:947–956
  50. Hayes DN, Sege R. FiGHTS: a preliminary screening tool for adolescent firearms-carrying. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:798–807
  51. Sege R, Stringham P, Short S, et al. Ten years after: examination of adolescent screening questions that predict future violence-related injury. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24:395–402
  52. Borowsky IW, Ireland M. Predictors of future fight-related injury among adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 pt 1):530–536
  53. Fein JA, Kassam-Adams N, Gavin M, et al. Persistence of posttraumatic stress in violently injured youth seen in the emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:836–840
  54. Fein JA, Kassam-Adams N, Vu T, et al. Emergency department evaluation of acute stress disorder symptoms in violently injured youths. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:391–396
  55. Wood C, Lui J. The evolution of disability care and case management: identifying core competencies. Case Manager. 1999;10:41–45
  56. Isham GJ, Kraemer KK. Identifying and managing high-risk members (Targeted outpatient management improves outcome). Group Practice J. 2003;52:1–5
  57. Travis J, Solomon AJ, Waul M. From Prison to Home: The Dimensions and Consequences of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute; 2001;
  58. Zun LS, Downey LV, Rosen J. Violence prevention in the ED: linkage of the ED to a social service agency. Am J Emerg Med. 2003;21:454–457
  59. Cheng TL, Wright JL, Markakis D, et al. Randomized trial of a case management program for assault-injured youth. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24:130–136
  60. Cooper C, Eslinger D, Nash D, et al. Repeat victims of violence: report of a large concurrent case-control study. Arch Surg. 2000;135:837–843
  61. Dicker R. Violence prevention for trauma centers: a feasible start [poster 2901]. Paper presented at: Injury and Violence in America; May 11, 2005; Denver, CO.
  62. Becker MG, Hall JS, Ursic CM, et al. Caught in the crossfire: the effects of a peer-based intervention program for violently injured youth. J Adolesc Health. 2004;34:177–183
  63. Marcelle DR, Melzer-Lange MD. Project UJIMA: working together to make things right. WMJ. 2001;100:22–25
  64. Gregor MA, Shope JT, Blow FC, et al. Feasibility of using an interactive laptop program in the emergency department to prevent alcohol misuse among adolescents. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:276–284
  65. Johnston BD, Rivara FP, Droesch RM, et al. Behavior change counseling in the emergency department to reduce injury risk: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2002;110(2 pt 1):267–274
  66. Maio RF. Alcohol and injury in the emergency department: opportunities for intervention. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26:221–223
  67. Monti PM, Barnett NP, Colby SM, et al. Motivational enhancement of alcohol-involved adolescents. In:  Monti PM,  Colby SM,  O'Leary TA editor. Adolescents, Alcohol and Substance Abuse: Reaching Teens Through Brief Interventions. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2001;p. 145–182
  68. Strecher V, Wang C, Derry H, et al. Tailored interventions for multiple risk behaviors. Health Educ Res. 2002;17:619–626
  69. Cunningham R, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA. SafERTeens: computerized screening and brief intervention for teens at-risk for youth violence [abstract #264]. Paper presented at: 2007 Annual Meeting of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine; Chicago, IL; May 18, 2007.
  70. Strecher VJ, Kreuter M, Den Boer DJ, et al. The effects of computer-tailored smoking cessation messages in family practice settings. J Fam Pract. 1994;39:262–270
  71. Skinner HA. Promoting Health through Organizational Change. San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings; 2001;
  72. Cohen MA. The monetary value of saving a high-risk youth. J Quantitative Criminol. 1998;14:5–33
  73. Miller TR, Levy DT. Cost-outcome analysis in injury prevention and control: eighty-four recent estimates for the United States. Med Care. 2000;38:562–582
  74. Bonderman J. Working with Victims of Gun Violence. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime; 2001;
  75. Shibru D, Zahnd E, Becker M, et al. Benefits of a hospital-based peer intervention program for violently injured youth. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;205:684–689
  76. Wallack L, Dorfman L, Jernigan D. Media Advocacy and Public Health: Power for Prevention. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1993;
  77. Wallack L, Woodruff K, Dorfman L. News for a Change: An Advocate's Guide to Working With the Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1999;
  78. Dahlberg LL, Toal SB, Swahn M, et al. Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools. 2nd ed.. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2005;
  79. Knox L. Connecting the Dots to Prevent Youth Violence: A Training and Outreach Guide for Physicians and Other Health Professionals. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2002;
  80. Cunningham R, Knox L, Fein J, et al. Youth violence prevention: a curriculum and resources for emergency and trauma providers. Southern California Academic Center of Excellence on Youth Violence Prevention. http://www.stopyouthviolence.ucr.edu/Accessed October 24, 2008
  81. Huesmann L, Eron L, Lefkowitz M, et al. Stability of aggression over time and generations. Dev Psychol. 1984;20:1120–1134
  82. National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center. Risk and protective factors for youth violence fact sheet (National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center Web site). http://www.safeyouth.org/scripts/facts/risk.aspAccessed April 8, 2008
  83. Cooper C, Eslinger DM, Stolley PD. Hospital-based violence intervention programs work. J Trauma. 2006;61:534–540
  84. Ketterlinus RD. Youth Violence (Interventions for Health Care Providers). Washington, DC: APHA; 2008;
  85. Thornton CK, Ketterlinus R, Spears D, et al. Quality improvement assessment of a state-funded reporting and intervention system for youth firearm injury: Pennsylvania Injury Reporting and Intervention System. Paper presented at: 136th American Public Health Association annual meeting; October 27, 2008; San Diego, CA.
  86. Thornton C, Liao A, Cheney R, et al. Pilot test and preliminary findings of an intervention system for youth firearm injury: Pennsylvania Injury Reporting and Intervention System (PIRIS). Paper presented at: National Injury and Violence Prevention research conference; October 10-11, 2007; Columbus, OH.
  87. Zun LS, Downey L, Rosen J. The effectiveness of an ED-based violence prevention program. Am J Emerg Med. 2006;24:8–13
  88. Dicker RA, Jaeger S, Knudson MM, et al. Where do we go from here? utilizing interim analysis to forge ahead in violence prevention. Paper presented at: 38th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Western Trauma Association; February 24-29, 2008; Squaw Creek, CA.
  89. Sege RD, Flanigan E, Levin-Goodman R, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics' connected kids program: case study. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29(5 suppl 2):215–219
  90. University of North Carolina, Injury Prevention Research Center. PREVENT: The new national violence prevention leader and practitioner training program (The University of North Carolina, Injury Prevention Research Center Web site). http://www.prevent.unc.eduAccessed March 28, 2008
  91. Meddings DR, Knox LM, Maddaleno M, et al. World Health Organization's TEACH-VIP: contributing to capacity building for youth violence prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2005;29(5 suppl 2):259–265

 Supervising editor: Kathy J. Rinnert, MD, MPH

 Funding and support: By Annals policy, all authors are required to disclose any and all commercial, financial, and other relationships in any way related to the subject of this article that might create any potential conflict of interest. The authors have stated that no such relationships exist. See the Manuscript Submission Agreement in this issue for examples of specific conflicts covered by this statement.

 Publication dates: Available online January 22, 2009.

PII: S0196-0644(08)02019-2

doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.11.014

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 53, Issue 4 , Pages 490-500 , April 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution