Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 637-638 , October 2009

The “1+1” Protocol: Risks, Benefits, and Alternatives

References 

  1. Chang AK, Bijur PE, Campbell CM, et al. Safety and efficacy of using 1 mg doses of intravenous hydromorphone in emergency department patients with acute severe pain: the “1 + 1” protocol. Ann Emer Med. 2009;54:221–225
  2. Lvovschi V, Aubrun F, Bonnet P, et al. Intravenous morphine titration to treat severe pain in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26:676–678
  3. American Pain Society. In: Principles of Analgesic Use in the Treatment of Acute Pain and Cancer Pain. Sixth Edition. 2008;p. 22–29Glenview, IL
  4. O'Connor AB, Zwemer FL, Hays DP, et al. Outcomes after intravenous opioids in emergency patients: A prospective cohort analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16:477–487
  5. Whipple JK, Quebbeman EJ, Lewis KS, et al. Difficulties in diagnosing narcotic overdoses in hospitalized patients. Ann Pharmacother. 1994;28:446–450

 Funding and support: By Annals policy, all authors are required to disclose any and all commercial, financial, and other relationships in any way related to the subject of this article that might create any potential conflict of interest. The author has stated that no such relationships exist. See the Manuscript Submission Agreement in this issue for examples of specific conflicts covered by this statement.

PII: S0196-0644(09)00490-9

doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.04.024

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 54, Issue 4 , Pages 637-638 , October 2009

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