Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 26, Issue 2 , Pages 153-157 , August 1995

Using Epidemiologic Methods to Evaluate Out-of-Hospital Care: The Ecologic Study

Presented in part at the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, May 1993.

Received 6 June 1994 ,Revised 24 January 1995 ,Accepted 30 January 1995.

References 

  1. Maumer JS, Kramer S. Epidemiology: An Introductory Text. In: 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1985;p. 1
  2. Morgenstern H. Uses of ecological analysis in epidemiological research. Am J Public Health. 1982;72:1336–1344
  3. Maio RF, Burney RE, Lazzara S, et al.  Correlation between motor vehicle mortality rates and density of medical resources. Prehospital Disaster Med. 1990;5:335–339
  4. Maio RF, Green PE, Becker MP, et al.  Increased rural motor vehicle crash mortality (MVCM): The role of crash severity and medical resources. Accident Analysis Prevention. 1992;2:631–634
  5. Kearney PA, Stallones L, Swartz C, et al.  Unintentional injury death rates in rural Appalachia. J Trauma. 1990;30:1432–1524
  6. Patsey T, Messick J, Rutledge R, et al.  A population-based, multivariate analysis of the association between 911 access and per-capita county trauma death rates. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:1173–1178
  7. Rutledge R, Messick J, Baker CC, et al.  Multivariate population-based analysis of the association of county trauma centers with per capita county trauma death rates. J Trauma. 1992;33:29–38
  8. Messick WJ, Rutledge R, Meyer AA. The association of advanced life support training and decreased per capita trauma death rates: An analysis of 12,417 trauma deaths. J Trauma. 1992;33:850–855
  9. Brodsky H, Hakkert AS. Highway fatal accidents and acessibility of emergency medical services. Soc Sci Med. 1983;17:731–740
  10. Mueller BA, Rivara FP, Bergman AB. Urban-rural location and the risk of dying in a pedistrian-vehicle collision. J Trauma. 1988;28:91–94
  11. Bentham G. Proximity to hospital and mortality from motor vehicle traffic accidents. Soc Sci Med. 1986;23:1021–1026
  12. Baker SP, Whitfield MA, O'Neil B. Geographic variations in mortality from motor vehicle crashes. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1384–1387
  13. Waller PF, Stewart JR, Hansen AR, et al.  The potentiating effects of alcohol on driver injury. JAMA. 1986;256:1461–1466
  14. Cales RH, Trunkey DD. Preventable trauma deaths: A review of trauma care systems development. JAMA. 1985;254:1059–1063
  15. Dykes EH, Spence LJ, Bohn DJ, et al.  Evaluation of pediatric care in Ontario. J Trauma. 1989;29:724–729
  16. Chen B, Maio RF, Green P, et al.  Geographic variation in the preventable death rate from motor vehicle crashes. J Trauma. 1995;38:228–232
  17. In: Typology of observational study designs.  Kleinbaum DG,  Kupper LL,  Morgenstern H editor. Epidemiological Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1982;p. 62–95

☆ From the Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan*, and the Arizona Emergency Research Center, Universitiy of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.‡

☆☆ Address for reprints: Ronald F Maio, DO, MS, FACEP, Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, C B1354/0303, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0303, 313-936-6284, Fax 313-936-9414

★ Reprint no. 47/1/66007

PII: S0196-0644(95)70145-1

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 26, Issue 2 , Pages 153-157 , August 1995

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