Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 28, Issue 2 , Pages 204-212 , August 1996

Firearm Violence Among Youth: Public Health Strategies for Prevention

Received 22 March 1996 ,Accepted 1 April 1996.

References 

  1. In: Children's Defense Fund: The State of America's Children Yearbook. Washington DC: Children's Defense Fund; 1995;p. 54
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Deaths resulting from firearm- and motor-vehicle-related injuries: United States, 1968-91. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43:37–42
  3. National Center for Health Statistics . Monthly Vital Statistics Report. 1995;44:16
  4. Fingerhut LA, Ingram DD, Feldman JJ. Firearm and nonfirearm homicide among persons 15 through 19 years of age, differences by level of urbanization, United States, 1979 through 1989. JAMA. 1992;267:3048–3053
  5. Fingerhut LA. Firearm Deaths and Death Rates: United States. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 1992;
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics . Underlying Cause Mortality Files, United States, 1992. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 1994;
  7. Fingerhut LA. Firearm Mortality Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults 1-34 Years of Age, Trends and Current Status: United States, 1985-90. Advance data from Vital and Health Statistics, no 231. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 1993;
  8. Rachuba L, Stanton B, Howard D. Violent crime in the United States: An epidemiologic profile. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:953–960
  9. Federal Bureau of Investigation . Crime in the United States, 1991. Washington DC: Department of Justice; 1992;
  10. Annest JL, Mercy JA, Gibson DR, et al.  National estimates of non-fatal firearm-related injuries: Beyond the tip of the iceberg. JAMA. 1995;273:1749–1754
  11. Dowd MD, Knapp JF, Fitzmaurice LS. Pediatric firearm injuries: Kansas City, 1992: A population-based study. Pediatrics. 1994;94:867–873
  12. Harris L. A Survey of Experiences, Perceptions, and Apprehensions about Guns Among Young People in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard School of Public Health; 1993;
  13. National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions . Incorporated: Violence Prevention Focus '93: Reducing Children's Access to Firearms. Alexandria, Virginia: National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, Incorporated; 1993;
  14. Max W, Rice DP. Shooting in the dark: Estimating the costs of firearm injuries. Health Affairs. 1993;12:171–185
  15. Fingerhut LA, Kleinman JC. International and interstate comparisons of homicide among young males. JAMA. 1990;263:3292–3295
  16. Wintemute GJ. Handgun availability and firearm mortality. Lancet. 1988;2:1136–1137
  17. Killias M. International correlations between gun ownership and rates of homicide and suicide. Can Med Assoc J. 1993;148:1721–1725
  18. Fingerhut LA, Kleinman JC. Firearm Mortality Among Children and Youth. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, no. 178. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 1989;
  19. Hill AB. The environment and disease: Association or causation?. Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:295–300
  20. Saltzman LE, Mercy JA, O'Carroll PR, et al.  Weapon involvement and injury outcomes in family and intimate assaults. JAMA. 1992;267:3043–3047
  21. Kellermann A, Rivara FP, Rushforth NB, et al.  Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1084–1091
  22. Brent DA, Perper JA, Allman CJ, et al.  The presence and accessibility of firearms in the homes of adolescent suicides: A case-control study. JAMA. 1991;266:2989–2994
  23. Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, et al.  Firearms and adolescent suicide: A community case-control study. Am J Dis Child. 1993;147:1066–1071
  24. Kellermann AL, Rivara FP, Somes G, et al.  Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:467–472
  25. Christoffel KK, Christoffel T. Handguns as a pediatric problem. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1986;2:75–81
  26. Realigned , et al.  Firearm-associated homicides among family members, relatives, or friends-Ohio. MMWR. 1989;38:253–256
  27. Hanmett M, Powell KE, O'Carroll PW, et al.  Homicide surveillance-United States, 1979-1988. MMWR. 1992;41:1–33
  28. McGonigal MD, Cole J, Schwab W, et al.  Urban firearm deaths: A five-year perspective. J Trauma. 1993;35:532–537
  29. Hutson HR, Anglin D, Pratts MJ. Adolescents and children injured or killed in drive-by shootings in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:324–327
  30. Wintemute GJ, Teret SP, Kraus JF, et al.  The choice of weapons in firearm suicides. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:824–826
  31. Zwerling C, Lynch CF, Burmeister LF, et al.  The choice of weapons in firearm suicides in Iowa. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1630–1632
  32. Rushforth NB, Hirsch CS, Ford AB. Accidental firearm fatalities in a metropolitan county (1958-1973). Am J Epidemiol. 1974;100:499–505
  33. Wintemute GJ, Teret SP, Kraus JF, et al.  When children shoot children: Eighty-eight unintended deaths in California. JAMA. 1987;257:3107–3109
  34. Wintemute GJ, Kraus JF, Teret SP, et al.  Unintentional firearm deaths in California. J Trauma. 1989;29:457–461
  35. Kellerman AL, Reay DT. Protection or peril? An analysis of firearm related deaths in the home. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1557–1560
  36. Ordog GJ, Wasserberger J, Schatz I, et al.  Gunshot wounds in children under 10 years of age: A new epidemic. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:618–622
  37. Sloan JH, Kellerman AL, Aeay DT, et al.  Handgun regulations, crime, assaults, and homicide: A tale of two cities. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1256–1262
  38. Loftin C, McDowall D, Wiersema B, et al.  Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the District of Columbia. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1615–1620
  39. Wintemute GJ. Firearms as a cause of death in the United States, 1920-1982. J Trauma. 1987;27:532–536
  40. Lester D, Clarke RV. Note on "Suicide and Increased Availability of Handguns in the United States": The influence of firearm ownership on accidental deaths. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32:1311–1313
  41. Clarke RV, Jones PR. Suicide and increased availability of handguns in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 1989;8:805–809
  42. Centerwall BS. Homicide and the prevalence of handguns: Canada and the United States, 1976 to 1980. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1245–1260
  43. Division of Injury Control, National Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control and Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control . Weapon-carrying among high school students-United States, 1990. MMWR. 1991;40:681–684
  44. Sheley JF, Wright JD. Gun Acquisition and Possession in Selected Juvenile Samples. Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; December 1993;
  45. Weil DS, Hemenway D. Loaded guns in the home: Analysis of a national random survey of gun owners. JAMA. 1992;267:3033–3037
  46. Senturia YD, Christoffel K, Donovan M. Children's household exposure of guns: A practice-based survey. Pediatrics. 1994;93:469–475
  47. Hemenway D, Solnick SJ, Azrael DR. Firearm training and storage. JAMA. 1995;273:46–50
  48. Haught K, Grossman D, Connell F. Parents' attitudes to firearm injury prevention counseling in urban pediatric clinics. Pediatrics. 1995;96:649–653
  49. Webster DW, Champion HR, Gainer PS, et al.  Epidemiologic changes in gunshot wounds in Washington, D.C., 1983-1990. Arch Surg. 1992;127:694–698
  50. Block CR, Block R. Street Gang Crime in Chicago. In: Washington DC: US Department of Justice, National institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs; 1993;p. 7
  51. Sloan JH, Rivara FP, Reay DT, et al.  Firearm regulations and rates of suicide. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:369–373
  52. Marzuk PM, Leon AC, Tardif K, et al.  The effect of access of lethal methods of injury on suicide rates. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 1992;49:451–458
  53. Perriens J, Vander SP, Chee H, et al.  The epidemiology of paraquat intoxication in Surinam. Trop Geogr Med. 1989;41:266–269
  54. Morath M, Hartmann H. Cyanide poisoning: Forensic toxicology observations in the study of 54 cases of fatal poisoning. [English MEDLINE abstract] Z Rechtsmed. 1985;95:35–43
  55. Senturia YD, Binns HJ, Christoffel KK, et al.  In-office survey of children's hazard exposure in the Chicago area: Age-specific exposure information and methodological lessons. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993;14:169–175
  56. Zimring FE. Firearms, violence and public policy. Sci Am. 1991;265:48–54
  57. Mercy JA, Rosenberg ML, Powell KE, et al.  Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Affairs. 1993;12:8–29
  58. Teret SP, Wintemute GJ, Beilenson PL:. The Firearm Fatality Reporting System: A proposal.. JAMA. 1992;267:3073–3074
  59. Wells JK, Williams AF, Fields M. Coverage gaps in seatbelt use laws. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:332–333
  60. Baum HM, Wells JK, Land AK. Motor vehicle crash fatalities in the second year of 65 mph speed limits. J Safety Res. 1990;21:1–8
  61. Robertson LS. Risk of fatal rollover in utility vehicles relative of static stability. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:300–303
  62. Robertson LS. Automobile safety regulations and death reductions in the United States. Am J Public Health. 1981;71:818–822
  63. In:  Christoffel KK,  Friedman AM editor. Handgun Epidemic Lowering Plan Network News. Fall 1995;
  64. Fingerhut LA, Ingram DD, Feldman JJ. Firearm homicide among black teenage males in metropolitan counties: Comparison of death rates in two periods, 1983 through 1985 and 1987 through 1989. JAMA. 1992;267:3054–3058
  65. Emergency department surveillance for weapon-related injuries-Massachusetts, November 1993-April 1994. MMWR. 1995;44:160–169
  66. Hargarten SW, Karlson TA, Quebbeman E, et al.  Characteristics of firearms involved in fatalities. JAMA. 1996;275:42–45
  67. Centerwall BS. Race, socioeconomic status, and domestic homicide. JAMA. 1995;273:1755–1758
  68. Saltzman LE, Mercy JA, O'Carroll PW, et al.  Weapon involvement and injury outcomes in family and intimate assaults. JAMA. 1992;267:3043–3047
  69. Kellerman AL, Westphal L, Fischer L, et al.  Weapon involvement in home invasion crimes. JAMA. 1995;273:1759–1762
  70. In:  Reiss AJ,  Roth JA editor. Understanding and Preventing violence. National Research Council. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1993;p. 265–287
  71. Harris L. A survey of the American people on guns as a children's health issue. New York: LH Research, Incorporated; 1993;
  72. In: ATF News. Washington DC: Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; May 22, 1991;p. FY-91–FY-136
  73. Haddon W. Energy damage and the ten countermeasure strategies. J Trauma. 1973;13:321–331
  74. Baker SP. Determinants of injury and opportunities for intervention. Am J Epidemiol. 1975;101:98–102
  75. Thomas P. Brady Law appears to cast effective net. Washington Post. March 31, 1994;
  76. Teret SP, Wintemute GJ. Policies to prevent firearm injuries. Health Affairs. 1993;12:96–108
  77. Naureckas SM, Christoffel KK. Pulling the trigger: If Mom can, the kids can too. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:1318–1322
  78. Christoffel KK. Handguns and the environments of children. Children's Environments. 1995;12:39–48
  79. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association . Assault weapons as a public health hazard in the United States. JAMA. 1992;267:3067–3070
  80. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms . Firearms Programs. Compliance Operation Fact Book. Washington DC: BATF Office of Compliance Operations; 1991;
  81. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms . Publication of BATF Office of Public Affairs. Washington DC 1993;
  82. Christoffel KK. Toward reducing pediatric injuries from firearms: Charting a legislative and regulatory course. Pediatrics. 1991;88:294–305
  83. Wintemute GJ. Ring of Fire: The Handgun Makers of Southern California. Sacramento, California: Violence Prevention Research Program; 1994;

 From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine* and General Academic Pediatrics and the Violent Injury Prevention Center, Children's Memorial Medical Center§, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.

☆☆ Address for reprints: Elizabeth C Powell, MD, 2300 Children's Plaza #62, Chicago, Illinois 60614, 312-880-8245, Fax 312-880-8267

 Reprint no. 47/1/74139

PII: S0196-0644(96)70063-X

Annals of Emergency Medicine
Volume 28, Issue 2 , Pages 204-212 , August 1996